NDLI: Stand-off detection of special nuclear materials using neutron imaging methods

Content Provider	IEEE Xplore Digital Library
Author	Vanier, Peter E. Dioszegi, Istvan Salwen, Cynthia Ghosh, Vinita Forman, Leon
Copyright Year	2008
Description	Author affiliation: Ion Focus Technology, Miller Place, NY, USA (Forman, Leon) \|\| Nonproliferation and National Security Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA (Vanier, Peter E.; Dioszegi, Istvan; Salwen, Cynthia; Ghosh, Vinita)
Abstract	Neutrons can travel considerable distances through the air, and can be used for stand-off detection of special nuclear materials. Plutonium emits neutrons by spontaneous fission, while uranium can be induced to fission by active interrogation with either energetic photons or neutrons. Traditional neutron detectors consisting of $^{3}He$ tubes embedded in polyethylene moderator do not record the directions of incident neutrons. Their efficiency is usually less than 10% for fission spectrum neutrons. We have developed two neutron imaging methods, one for fast neutrons and one for thermal neutrons. The fast neutron directional detector is based on double proton recoil in two layers of plastic scintillators consisting of arrays of paddles with photomultipliers at both ends. This arrangement provides relatively smooth spatial uniformity and allows neutrons to be distinguished from background gammas and muons using time of flight. The thermal neutron imager is a coded aperture camera based on a $^{3}He$ wire chamber. Neutrons that are thermalized by materials close to the source have a mean free path in air of about 20 meters, and can be imaged at distances up to 60 meters. In this case, no moderation takes place at the detector, and the quantum efficiency of the $^{3}He$ wire chamber is about 60%. Background neutrons generated by cosmic rays arrive from all directions at a low rate, whereas a manmade source is likely to produce a bright spot in an image. Various methods of image enhancement can be applied, such as auto filtering, but the practical limitation stems from the requirement that the real source must stand out against artifacts in the image.
Starting Page	681
Ending Page	685
File Size	6768144
Page Count	5
File Format	PDF
ISBN	9781424427147
ISSN	10957863
DOI	10.1109/NSSMIC.2008.4775223
Language	English
Publisher	Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Publisher Date	2008-10-19
Publisher Place	Germany
Access Restriction	Subscribed
Rights Holder	Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Subject Keyword	Neutrons Detectors Helium Wire Polyethylene Protons Plastics Sensor arrays Photomultipliers Mesons
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article

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