NDLI: Proton beam range verification using off-site PET by imaging novel proton-activated markers

Content Provider	IEEE Xplore Digital Library
Author	Jongmin Cho Ibbott, G. Kerr, M. Amos, R. Mawlawi, O.
Copyright Year	2013
Description	Author affiliation: Dept. of Radiat. Phys., Univ. of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA (Jongmin Cho; Ibbott, G.; Kerr, M.) \|\| Dept. of Imaging Phys., Univ. of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA (Mawlawi, O.) \|\| Dept. of Radiat. Phys., Univ. Coll. London Hosp. NHS Found. Trust, London, UK (Amos, R.)
Abstract	Previously we showed that when $^{68}Zn$ and Cu markers are placed along the distal end of the proton beam range, they result in higher PET signals than surrounding material such as Plastic Water® and balsa wood following proton treatment. In this work we investigated the use of PET signals from activated $^{68}Zn$ and Cu markers for accurate proton range verification in two pseudo-clinical settings. $^{68}Zn$ (>97%) and natural Cu $(^{63}Cu,$ 69% ; $^{65}Cu,$ 31%) markers (10 × 10 mm) of different thicknesses (0.1, 0.25, and 0.5 mm) were imbedded at 4 different distal fall-off depths in a balsa wood (simulating lung tissue) phantom. In a separate experiment, a rectangular block of raw beef (12 × 16 × 5 cm) simulating soft tissue was cut diagonally and imbedded with the same kind of $^{68}Zn$ and Cu markers. Both phantoms were CT scanned for treatment planning and irradiated by a 160 MeV, 10-cm SOBP proton beam with 5 Gy and scanned for 5 hrs using an off-site PET scanner. Images were reconstructed using a 30 min interval without decay correction and using various post-irradiation delays to determine the image with the best visibility of activated markers. Treatment planned isodose lines of the phantom were overlaid on top of marker locations to correlate the isodose line level to marker activation. The best visibility of a 30 min PET scan was obtained after 1 and 2 hr delays for balsa wood and beef phantoms, respectively. Marker visibility increased with marker volume and scan time post irradiation until 1 hr (for balsa) and 2 hrs (for beef) before it decreased due to a decrease in accumulated coincidence events. $^{68}Zn$ markers showed signals when located at > 50% isodose line irrespective of different post-irradiation delays. However, Cu markers show signals in balsa phantom (1 hr delay) when located at > 50% isodose line while in beef phantom (2 hrs delay) when located at > 95% isodose line. This is due to the proton energy (and depth) dependency of different progeny radioisotopes from activated Cu. Markers located beyond those isodose lines were not activated. In both cases, markers of > 25 $mm^{3}$ were clearly visible. Activation of $^{68}Zn$ and Cu markers and their correspondence with isodose lines suggest the possibility of using implanted markers for proton range verification.
Starting Page	1
Ending Page	4
File Size	319134
Page Count	4
File Format	PDF
e-ISBN	9781479905348
DOI	10.1109/NSSMIC.2013.6829324
Language	English
Publisher	Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Publisher Date	2013-10-27
Publisher Place	South Korea
Access Restriction	Subscribed
Rights Holder	Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Subject Keyword	Positron emission tomography Phantoms Protons Computed tomography Delays Particle beams Educational institutions
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article

Sl.	Authority	Responsibilities	Communication Details
1	Ministry of Education (GoI), Department of Higher Education	Sanctioning Authority	https://www.education.gov.in/ict-initiatives
2	Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur	Host Institute of the Project: The host institute of the project is responsible for providing infrastructure support and hosting the project	https://www.iitkgp.ac.in
3	National Digital Library of India Office, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur	The administrative and infrastructural headquarters of the project	Dr. B. Sutradhar bsutra@ndl.gov.in
4	Project PI / Joint PI	Principal Investigator and Joint Principal Investigators of the project	Dr. B. Sutradhar bsutra@ndl.gov.in Prof. Saswat Chakrabarti will be added soon
5	Website/Portal (Helpdesk)	Queries regarding NDLI and its services	support@ndl.gov.in
6	Contents and Copyright Issues	Queries related to content curation and copyright issues	content@ndl.gov.in
7	National Digital Library of India Club (NDLI Club)	Queries related to NDLI Club formation, support, user awareness program, seminar/symposium, collaboration, social media, promotion, and outreach	clubsupport@ndl.gov.in
8	Digital Preservation Centre (DPC)	Assistance with digitizing and archiving copyright-free printed books	dpc@ndl.gov.in
9	IDR Setup or Support	Queries related to establishment and support of Institutional Digital Repository (IDR) and IDR workshops	idr@ndl.gov.in

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