NDLI: STAG:spintronic-tape architecture for GPGPU cache hierarchies

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Unifying on-chip and inter-node switching within the Anton 2 network

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Real-world design and evaluation of compiler-managed GPU redundant multithreading

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Volume 42, Issue 1, March 2014

STAG:spintronic-tape architecture for GPGPU cache hierarchies

Content Provider	ACM Digital Library
Author	Raghunathan, Anand Venkatesan, Rangharajan Venkataramani, Swagath Ramasubramanian, Shankar Ganesh Roy, Kaushik
Abstract	General-purpose Graphics Processing Units (GPGPUs) are widely used for executing massively parallel workloads from various application domains. Feeding data to the hundreds to thousands of cores that current GPGPUs integrate places great demands on the memory hierarchy, fueling an ever-increasing demand for on-chip memory. In this work, we propose STAG, a high density, energy-efficient GPGPU cache hierarchy design using a new spintronic memory technology called Domain Wall Memory (DWM). DWMs inherently offer unprecedented benefits in density by storing multiple bits in the domains of a ferromagnetic nanowire, which logically resembles a bit-serial tape. However, this structure also leads to a unique challenge that the bits must be sequentially accessed by performing "shift" operations, resulting in variable and potentially higher access latencies. To address this challenge, STAG utilizes a number of architectural techniques : (i) a hybrid cache organization that employs different DWM bit-cells to realize the different memory arrays within the GPGPU cache hierarchy, (ii) a clustered, bit-interleaved organization, in which the bits in a cache block are spread across a cluster of DWM tapes, allowing parallel access, (iii) tape head management policies that predictively configure DWM arrays to reduce the expected number of shift operations for subsequent accesses, and (iv) a shift aware pro- motion buffer (SaPB), in which accesses to the DWM cache are predicted based on intra-warp locality, and locations that would incur a large shift penalty are promoted to a smaller buffer. Over a wide range of benchmarks from the Rodinia, IS- PASS and Parboil suites, STAG achieves significant benefits in performance (12.1% over SRAM and 5.8% over STT-MRAM) and energy (3.3X over SRAM and 2.6X over STT-MRAM)
Starting Page	253
Ending Page	264
Page Count	12
File Format	PDF
ISSN	01635964
DOI	10.1145/2678373.2665710
Journal	ACM SIGARCH Computer Architecture News (CARN)
Volume Number	42
Issue Number	3
Language	English
Publisher	Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)
Publisher Date	1981-04-01
Publisher Place	New York
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article

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