NDLI: Silicon PhotoMultipliers: Introducing the digital age in low light detection

Content Provider	IEEE Xplore Digital Library
Author	Caccia, Massimo
Copyright Year	2015
Description	Author affiliation: Dipartimento di Scienza ed Alta Tecnologia, Universita' dell'Insubria, Como, Italy (Caccia, Massimo)
Abstract	Low light detection, down to the single photon, has been possible so far relying on photo-multiplier tubes (PMT). PMT are certainly a reliable, solid rock technology with decades of improvements and refinements. Their architecture is certainly beautiful but irreducibly complex. Biasing electronics can be sophisticated but the operational voltage necessarily exceeds 1000 V. Operation in magnetic fields may be possible but it does not come for free. Last but not least, miniaturisation below a matchbox size is hard to imagine. These figures certainly constrain their integration in apparatus and instruments, with an impact on design and cost. Silicon PhotoMultipliers (SiPM) stand to PMT like transistors stand to thermoionic valves. In essence, SiPM are an array of p-n junctions operated beyond the breakdown voltage, with every cell in the array ready to trigger an avalanche with $10^{6}$ gain as long as the absorption of a photon generates a charge carrier. With the simplicity and cost of a Silicon sensor, operational voltage not exceeding 80V, magnetic field immunity and miniaturization down to 1 $mm^{2},$ SiPM are state-of-the-art sensors, featuring an unprecedented photon number resolving capability and introducing the digital revolution in low light detection. In my talk, I will address the fundamentals of SiPM, identifying the key figures of merit, their measurements and presenting the state of the art and future directions. Moreover, I will consider exemplary applications in nuclear particle detection and dosimetry, homeland security, medical imaging and environmental science.
Starting Page	32
Ending Page	32
File Size	59465
Page Count	1
File Format	PDF
e-ISBN	9788363578077
DOI	10.1109/MIXDES.2015.7208474
Language	English
Publisher	Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Publisher Date	2015-06-25
Publisher Place	Poland
Access Restriction	Subscribed
Rights Holder	Department of Microelectronics and Computer Science, Lodz Univeristy of Technology
Subject Keyword	Silicon Photomultipliers Semiconductor sensors Single photon sensitive detectors
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article

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