NDLI: A metamaterial-based passive MMIC tunable phase shifter

Content Provider	IEEE Xplore Digital Library
Author	Abdalla, M.A.Y. Khoman Phang Eleftheriades, G.V.
Copyright Year	2010
Description	Author affiliation: The Edward S. Rogers department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Khoman Phang; Eleftheriades, G.V.) \|\| Gennum Corp., Snowbush Division, Toronto, Ontario, Canada (Abdalla, M.A.Y.)
Abstract	Recently there has been a strong interest in the field of metamaterials exhibiting simultaneously negative permittivity and permeability. This interest has been sparked by the planar implementation of negative refractive index (NRI) metamaterials, by loading host transmission-lines (TLs) with series capacitors and shunt inductors [1, 2], which allows for their integration with various RF and microwave electronic systems. Negative-refractive-index transmission-line (NRI-TL) metamaterials are very well suited to design 0° phase shifters. This is achieved by cascading NRI metamaterial lines, having a high-pass response, with positive-refractive-index (PRI) TLs, having a low-pass response, which results in phase compensation. This allows building compact broadband TL 0° phase shifters with small and relatively flat group delays [3, 4]. One application that would benefit from this is series-fed antenna arrays, where centering the inter-element phase shift on the 0° mark is desirable for scanning the antenna array's beam about the broadside direction [5]. Furthermore, the small group delay offered by such NRI-TL phase shifters is essential to reduce the antenna array's beam from squinting with small variations in the frequency, as demonstrated in [5]. Several recently published phase shifters [6, 7], and [8] are based on cascading multiple NRI metamaterial lines. The high-pass response, by itself, of the NRI lines, can not achieve phase compensation. Hence this results in only positive phase shifts. Furthermore, when multiple stages are cascaded to achieve a +360°, this results in a large group delay. The phase response of the printed NRI lines presented in [6] and [7] is tuned by using series varactors. Alternatively, [8] presents an integrated NRI phase shifter using active circuits to tune the shunt inductors. However, using a single variable element (i.e. varactors in [6, 7] and active inductors in [8]) to tune the phase response results in high return losses. This is due to the inability to independently control the phase and the impedance. A composite PRI/NRI TL phase shifter is presented in [9], it uses two tunable loading elements; series and shunt ferroelectric varactors, which however, require high control voltages (15V). Furthermore, the design in [9] uses a fixed shunt inductor which makes it impossible to maintain a constant input resistance across the entire phase tuning range. Ferroelectric varactors also result in a modest phase tuning range of 12.5°/unit-stage. Despite of all this recent interest in metamaterial phase shifters, the difficulty of integrating TL sections on ICs, at the low GHz frequency range, has hindered the realization of 0° MMIC metamaterial phase shifters.
Starting Page	1
Ending Page	4
File Size	250860
Page Count	4
File Format	PDF
ISBN	9781424449675
ISSN	15223965
DOI	10.1109/APS.2010.5561930
Language	English
Publisher	Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Publisher Date	2010-07-11
Publisher Place	Canada
Access Restriction	Subscribed
Rights Holder	Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Subject Keyword	Phase shifters Shunt (electrical) Tuning Inductors Varactors MMICs
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article

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