NDLI: The role of extinction in evolution.

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Analytic inversion in synthetic aperture radar.

A decentralized process for finding equilibria given by linear equations.

Genetic variability for stomatal conductance in Pima cotton and its relation to improvements of heat adaptation.

Photosystem II reaction center damage and repair cycle: chloroplast acclimation strategy to irradiance stress.

The history of a genetic system.

RNA template-directed RNA synthesis by T7 RNA polymerase.

Kinetic characterization of intramolecular and intermolecular hammerhead RNAs with stem II deletions.

Tumor necrosis factor alpha is an autocrine growth factor for normal human B cells.

Inhibition of growth of OV-1063 human epithelial ovarian cancer xenografts in nude mice by treatment with luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone antagonist SB-75.

Prolactin activates the interferon-regulated p91 transcription factor and the Jak2 kinase by tyrosine phosphorylation.

Structural basis of asymmetry in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase heterodimer.

Identification of immunosuppressant-induced apoptosis in a murine B-cell line and its prevention by bcl-x but not bcl-2.

Wheat acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase: cDNA and protein structure.

Linkage of mating-type loci distinguishes bipolar from tetrapolar mating in basidiomycetous smut fungi.

Proposed three-dimensional structure for the cellular prion protein.

Overexpression of ERBB2 in human mammary epithelial cells signals inhibition of transcription of the E-cadherin gene.

CD8+ T lymphocytes of African green monkeys secrete an immunodeficiency virus-suppressing lymphokine.

Three-dimensional structure of a transglutaminase: human blood coagulation factor XIII.

Tempo and mode in evolution.

Tempo, mode, the progenote, and the universal root.

Phylogeny from function: evidence from the molecular fossil record that tRNA originated in replication, not translation.

Disparate rates, differing fates: tempo and mode of evolution changed from the Precambrian to the Phanerozoic.

Proterozoic and early Cambrian protists: evidence for accelerating evolutionary tempo.

Late Precambrian bilaterians: grades and clades.

The role of extinction in evolution.

Tempo and mode in the macroevolutionary reconstruction of Darwinism.

Morphological evolution through complex domains of fitness.

Tempo and mode in human evolution.

Molecular genetics of speciation and human origins.

Rates and patterns of chloroplast DNA evolution.

The superoxide dismutase molecular clock revisited.

Dynamics of adaptation and diversification: a 10,000-generation experiment with bacterial populations.

How can the low levels of DNA sequence variation in regions of the drosophila genome with low recombination rates be explained?

Genome structure and evolution in Drosophila: applications of the framework P1 map.

Error-prone replication of repeated DNA sequences by T7 DNA polymerase in the absence of its processivity subunit.

The absence of IgE antibody-mediated augmentation of immune responses in CD23-deficient mice.

Human growth hormone (hGH) secretion in milk of goats after direct transfer of the hGH gene into the mammary gland by using replication-defective retrovirus vectors.

Rearrangement of the histone H2A C-terminal domain in the nucleosome.

Receptor to nucleus signaling by prolactin and interleukin 2 via activation of latent DNA-binding factors.

Molecular cloning of the human nucleotide-excision-repair gene ERCC4.

Evidence for alternating head catalysis by kinesin during microtubule-stimulated ATP hydrolysis.

Snapshot blotting: transfer of nucleic acids and nucleoprotein complexes from electrophoresis gels to grids for electron microscopy.

Participation of cyclin A in Myc-induced apoptosis.

Yeast Srp1p has homology to armadillo/plakoglobin/beta-catenin and participates in apparently multiple nuclear functions including the maintenance of the nucleolar structure.

Molecular phylogeny of the Anopheles gambiae complex suggests genetic introgression between principal malaria vectors.

A circularly permuted recombinant interleukin 4 toxin with increased activity.

Decreased release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone during the preovulatory midcycle luteinizing hormone surge in normal women.

Frog diazepam-binding inhibitor: peptide sequence, cDNA cloning, and expression in the brain.

DNA-dependent protein kinase (Ku protein-p350 complex) assembles on double-stranded DNA.

A carbonic anhydrase from the archaeon Methanosarcina thermophila.

Expression of wild-type and mutant simian virus 40 large tumor antigens in villus-associated enterocytes of transgenic mice.

Isolation of the bile canalicular actin-myosin II motor.

The A1 and A1B proteins of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoparticles modulate 5' splice site selection in vivo.

Male ornament size as a reliable cue to enhanced offspring viability in the barn swallow.

Engagement of the external domains of CD45 tyrosine phosphatase can regulate the differentiation of immature CD4+CD8+ thymocytes into mature T cells.

Early discordant binocular vision disrupts signal transfer in the lateral geniculate nucleus.

Two highly homologous members of the ClC chloride channel family in both rat and human kidney.

Distinctive DNA conformation with enlarged major groove is found in Zn-finger-DNA and other protein-DNA complexes.

Loss of heterozygosity in cervical carcinoma: subchromosomal localization of a putative tumor-suppressor gene to chromosome 11q22-q24.

Relief of opsin desensitization and prolonged excitation of rod photoreceptors by 9-desmethylretinal.

A scheme for sequencing large DNA molecules by identifying local nuclear-induced effects.

A kinase-negative epidermal growth factor receptor that retains the capacity to stimulate DNA synthesis.

Selection of DNA clones with enhancer sequences.

Renal epithelial cells rapidly bind and internalize calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals.

The nuclear localization signal of the matrix protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 allows the establishment of infection in macrophages and quiescent T lymphocytes.

Mapping of the ligand binding domain of the transforming growth factor beta receptor type III by deletion mutagenesis.

Cytochrome P-450 mediates tissue-damaging hydroxyl radical formation during reoxygenation of the kidney.

JIP60, a methyl jasmonate-induced ribosome-inactivating protein involved in plant stress reactions.

Cloning and sequencing of thiol-specific antioxidant from mammalian brain: alkyl hydroperoxide reductase and thiol-specific antioxidant define a large family of antioxidant enzymes.

Dimerization of thiol-specific antioxidant and the essential role of cysteine 47.

Sertoli cell differentiation on basement membrane is mediated by the c-fos protooncogene.

Calorie restriction delays spontaneous tumorigenesis in p53-knockout transgenic mice.

Memory consolidation and the medial temporal lobe: a simple network model.

Differentiation between binding sites for angiotensin II and nonpeptide antagonists on the angiotensin II type 1 receptors.

Acidic transcription factors alleviate nucleosome-mediated repression of DNA replication of bovine papillomavirus type 1.

Central location of the Mu strong gyrase binding site is obligatory for optimal rates of replicative transposition.

Platelet-derived growth factor alpha receptor gene expression: isolation and characterization of the promoter and upstream regulatory elements.

Cloning and characterization of a basic helix-loop-helix protein expressed in early mesoderm and the developing somites.

Cell-surface receptors for gibbon ape leukemia virus and amphotropic murine retrovirus are inducible sodium-dependent phosphate symporters.

Identification of a melanosomal matrix protein encoded by the murine si (silver) locus using 'organelle scanning'.

Spermatophore size as determinant of paternity in an arctiid moth (Utetheisa ornatrix).

Transfection and transient expression of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene in the protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica.

Transient transfection of the enteric parasite Entamoeba histolytica and expression of firefly luciferase.

Secreted beta-amyloid precursor protein stimulates mitogen-activated protein kinase and enhances tau phosphorylation.

Major changes in the expression of the mRNAs for cholinergic differentiation factor/leukemia inhibitory factor and its receptor after injury to adult peripheral nerves and ganglia.

Glycopeptide enkephalin analogues produce analgesia in mice: evidence for penetration of the blood-brain barrier.

Fine mapping of a replication origin of human DNA.

Modification of a hydrogen bond to a bacteriochlorophyll a molecule in the light-harvesting 1 antenna of Rhodobacter sphaeroides.

High-affinity urokinase receptor antagonists identified with bacteriophage peptide display.

Atypical regions in large genomic DNA sequences.

Hepatocyte growth factor and macrophage inflammatory protein 1 beta: structurally distinct cytokines that induce rapid cytoskeletal changes and subset-preferential migration in T cells.

Primary structure and expression of the dihydropteroate synthetase gene of Plasmodium falciparum.

Transmembrane topology of two kainate receptor subunits revealed by N-glycosylation.

Piebald lethal (sl) acts early to disrupt the development of neural crest-derived melanocytes.

Tyr-129 is important to the peptide ligand affinity and selectivity of human endothelin type A receptor.

Nuclear localization signals also mediate the outward movement of proteins from the nucleus.

Intensity of natural selection at the major histocompatibility complex loci.

Mutations in ras genes in cells cultured from mouse skin tumors induced by ultraviolet irradiation.

Hot spots of retinoic acid synthesis in the developing spinal cord.

A direct mechanism for sensing low oxygen levels by central neurons.

KAR3-encoded kinesin is a minus-end-directed motor that functions with centromere binding proteins (CBF3) on an in vitro yeast kinetochore.

A fully active catalytic domain of bovine aspartyl (asparaginyl) beta-hydroxylase expressed in Escherichia coli: characterization and evidence for the identification of an active-site region in vertebrate alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases.

A 32P-postlabeling method for detecting unstable N-7-substituted deoxyguanosine adducts in DNA.

Structural analysis of chromosomal rearrangements associated with the developmental mutations Ph, W19H, and Rw on mouse chromosome 5.

The mitochondrial environment is required for activity of the cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme, cytochrome P450scc.

The chicken beta/epsilon-globin enhancer directs autonomously regulated, high-level expression of the chicken epsilon-globin gene in transgenic mice.

The H1A histone variant is an in vivo repressor of oocyte-type 5S gene transcription in Xenopus laevis embryos.

Sequence divergence of the red and green visual pigments in great apes and humans.

The gene for a recessively inherited human childhood progressive epilepsy with mental retardation maps to the distal short arm of chromosome 8.

Physical association of JAK1 and JAK2 tyrosine kinases with the interleukin 2 receptor beta and gamma chains.

A molecular phylogeny of the marine red algae (Rhodophyta) based on the nuclear small-subunit rRNA gene.

A gene phylogeny of the red algae (Rhodophyta) based on plastid rbcL.

Retinoic acid is necessary for development of the ventral retina in zebrafish.

Progressive growth in immunodeficient mice and host cell recruitment by mouse endothelial cells transformed by polyoma middle-sized T antigen: implications for the pathogenesis of opportunistic vascular tumors.

Controlled expression of plastid transgenes in plants based on a nuclear DNA-encoded and plastid-targeted T7 RNA polymerase.

C/EBP-related protein 2 confers lipopolysaccharide-inducible expression of interleukin 6 and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 to a lymphoblastic cell line.

The Vpr protein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 influences nuclear localization of viral nucleic acids in nondividing host cells.

A stable complex between integrase and viral DNA ends mediates human immunodeficiency virus integration in vitro.

The bifunctional iron-responsive element binding protein/cytosolic aconitase: the role of active-site residues in ligand binding and regulation.

Effects of monovalent cations and divalent metal ions on Escherichia coli selenophosphate synthetase.

Kinetics of exchange processes in the adsorption of proteins on solid surfaces.

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Replicative intermediates of human papillomavirus type 11 in laryngeal papillomas: site of replication initiation and direction of replication.

The ORD1 gene encodes a transcription factor involved in oxygen regulation and is identical to IXR1, a gene that confers cisplatin sensitivity to Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Differential expression and activation of a family of murine peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors.

Energy transfer analysis of Fos-Jun dimerization and DNA binding.

Targeted insertions of two exogenous collagen genes into both alleles of their endogenous loci in cultured human cells: the insertions are directed by relatively short fragments containing the promoters and the 5' ends of the genes.

Isolation and characterization of the gene encoding 2,3-oxidosqualene-lanosterol cyclase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Cloning of four cyclins from maize indicates that higher plants have three structurally distinct groups of mitotic cyclins.

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Impact melting of frozen oceans on the early Earth: Implications for the origin of life

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The role of extinction in evolution.

Content Provider	World Health Organization (WHO)-Global Index Medicus
Author	Raup, D. M.
Description	Author Affiliation: Raup DM ( Department of Geophysical Sciences, University of Chicago, IL 60637.);
Abstract	The extinction of species is not normally considered an important element of neodarwinian theory, in contrast to the opposite phenomenon, speciation. This is surprising in view of the special importance Darwin attached to extinction, and because the number of species extinctions in the history of life is almost the same as the number of originations; present-day biodiversity is the result of a trivial surplus of originations, cumulated over millions of years. For an evolutionary biologist to ignore extinction is probably as foolhardy as for a demographer to ignore mortality. The past decade has seen a resurgence of interest in extinction, yet research on the topic is still at a reconnaissance level, and our present understanding of its role in evolution is weak. Despite uncertainties, extinction probably contains three important elements. (i) For geographically widespread species, extinction is likely only if the killing stress is one so rare as to be beyond the experience of the species, and thus outside the reach of natural selection. (ii) The largest mass extinctions produce major restructuring of the biosphere wherein some successful groups are eliminated, allowing previously minor groups to expand and diversify. (iii) Except for a few cases, there is little evidence that extinction is selective in the positive sense argued by Darwin. It has generally been impossible to predict, before the fact, which species will be victims of an extinction event.
ISSN	00278424
e-ISSN	10916490
Journal	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Issue Number	15
Volume Number	91
Language	English
Publisher	National Academy of Sciences
Publisher Date	1994-08-01
Publisher Place	United States
Access Restriction	Open
Subject Keyword	Biological Evolution Selection, Genetic Animals Origin Of Life Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Multidisciplinary
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Multidisciplinary

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