NDLI: Using ECC Feedback to Guide Voltage Speculation in Low-Voltage Processors

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Using ECC Feedback to Guide Voltage Speculation in Low-Voltage Processors

Content Provider	ACM Digital Library
Author	Bacha, Anys Teodorescu, Radu
Abstract	Low-voltage computing is emerging as a promising energy-efficient solution to power-constrained environments. Unfortunately, low-voltage operation presents significant reliability challenges, including increased sensitivity to static and dynamic variability. To prevent errors, safety guard bands can be added to the supply voltage. While these guard bands are feasible at higher supply voltages, they are prohibitively expensive at low voltages, to the point of negating most of the energy savings. Voltage speculation techniques have been proposed to dynamically reduce voltage margins. Most require additional hardware to be added to the chip to correct or prevent timing errors caused by excessively aggressive speculation. This paper presents a mechanism for safely guiding voltage speculation using direct feedback from ECC-protected cache lines. We conduct extensive testing of an Intel Itanium processor running at low voltages. We find that as voltage margins are reduced, certain ECC-protected cache lines consistently exhibit correctable errors. We propose a hardware mechanism for continuously probing these cache lines to fine tune supply voltage at core granularity within a chip. Moreover, we demonstrate that this mechanism is sufficiently sensitive to detect and adapt to voltage noise caused by fluctuations in chip activity. We evaluate a proof-of-concept implementation of this mechanism in an Itanium-based server. We show that this solution lowers supply voltage by 18% on average, reducing power consumption by an average of 33% while running a mix of benchmark applications.
Starting Page	306
Ending Page	318
Page Count	13
File Format	PDF
ISBN	9781479969982
ISSN	10724451
DOI	10.1109/MICRO.2014.54
Language	English
Publisher	Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)
Publisher Date	2014-12-13
Access Restriction	Subscribed
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article

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Using ECC Feedback to Guide Voltage Speculation in Low-Voltage Processors

Speculative multithreaded processors

Architecting processors to allow voltage/reliability tradeoffs

Clustered speculative multithreaded processors

Architecting processors to allow voltage/reliability tradeoffs

Dynamic reduction of voltage margins by leveraging on-chip ECC in Itanium II processors

Using thread-level speculation to simplify manual parallelization

Redundancy and ECC mechanisms to improve energy efficiency of on-die interconnects

Latency and energy aware value prediction for high-frequency processors

Using ECC Feedback to Guide Voltage Speculation in Low-Voltage Processors

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