NDLI: Optimization of the Detection of Very Inclined Showers Using a Spectral Trigger Based on the Discrete Cosine Transform in Arrays of Surface Detectors

Content Provider	IEEE Xplore Digital Library
Author	Szadkowski, Z.
Copyright Year	1963
Abstract	The trigger based on the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) allows recognition of ADC traces of a specific shape i.e., with a very short rise time and fast exponential attenuation related to a narrow, flat muon component of very inclined extensive air showers generated by hadrons and starting their development early in the atmosphere (“old” showers). Showers, crossing a surface detector composed of water Cherenkov tanks, such as those in the Pierre Auger Observatory generate Cherenkov light, which may hit photomultipliers (PMTs) directly or after several reflections. The geometry of the water Cherenkov tank imposes a type of the filter preferring the detection of very inclined showers (with very large zenith angle), where mainly two PMTs can be hit by direct light. The 3rd PMT is then hit by reflected light, but with some delay. For the fast sampling (80 MHz), this delay causes the signal to appear in the next time bin. Two-fold coincidences of DCT coefficients allow triggering signals that are ignored at that time due to either too high an amplitude threshold for three-fold coincidences in a single time bin (the standard Auger threshold trigger) or due to the de-synchronization of the signals in time caused by the tank geometry (delay on one or more time bins due to a longer light path corresponding to the reflection on the tank walls). Three DCT engines implemented into EP3C40F324I7 FPGA use all DSP blocks and generate the spectral trigger, when 8 DCT coefficients simultaneously are inside the acceptance lane in at least 2 channels. An additional veto signal (analyzing the amplitude) controls the trigger rate to avoid a saturation of a transmission channel. In a test performed in the Pierre Auger laboratory in Malargue (Argentina), the spectral trigger has been tuned for shapes corresponding to “old” showers. Both laboratory and long-term field measurements on a test tank confirmed a high efficiency of the recognition of expected patterns of ADC traces. The patterns of the spectral trigger for “young” showers are being optimized in simulations. We expect to detect “young” showers close to their cores.
Sponsorship	IEEE Nuclear and Plasma Sciences Society Computer Applications in Nuclear and Plasma Sciences (CANPS) Lawrence Berkeley Lab. Lawrence Livermore Nat. Lab. APS College of William and Mary Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility NASA Defence Nuclear Agency Sandia National Laboratories Jet Propulsion Laboratory Brookhaven Nat. Lab. Lawrence Livermore Nat. Lab IEEE/NPPS Radiat. Effects Committee Defence Nuclear Agency/DoD Sandia National Laboratories/DOE Jet Propulsion Laboratory/NASA Phillips Lab./DoD
Starting Page	3647
Ending Page	3653
Page Count	7
File Size	2224865
File Format	PDF
ISSN	00189499
Volume Number	60
Issue Number	5
Language	English
Publisher	Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Publisher Date	2013-01-01
Publisher Place	U.S.A.
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Rights Holder	Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Subject Keyword	Discrete cosine transforms Mesons Standards Noise Shape Attenuation Field programmable gate arrays trigger Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) FPGA inclined showers Pierre Auger Observatory
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Nuclear and High Energy Physics Electrical and Electronic Engineering Nuclear Energy and Engineering

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1	Ministry of Education (GoI), Department of Higher Education	Sanctioning Authority	https://www.education.gov.in/ict-initiatives
2	Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur	Host Institute of the Project: The host institute of the project is responsible for providing infrastructure support and hosting the project	https://www.iitkgp.ac.in
3	National Digital Library of India Office, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur	The administrative and infrastructural headquarters of the project	Dr. B. Sutradhar bsutra@ndl.gov.in
4	Project PI / Joint PI	Principal Investigator and Joint Principal Investigators of the project	Dr. B. Sutradhar bsutra@ndl.gov.in Prof. Saswat Chakrabarti will be added soon
5	Website/Portal (Helpdesk)	Queries regarding NDLI and its services	support@ndl.gov.in
6	Contents and Copyright Issues	Queries related to content curation and copyright issues	content@ndl.gov.in
7	National Digital Library of India Club (NDLI Club)	Queries related to NDLI Club formation, support, user awareness program, seminar/symposium, collaboration, social media, promotion, and outreach	clubsupport@ndl.gov.in
8	Digital Preservation Centre (DPC)	Assistance with digitizing and archiving copyright-free printed books	dpc@ndl.gov.in
9	IDR Setup or Support	Queries related to establishment and support of Institutional Digital Repository (IDR) and IDR workshops	idr@ndl.gov.in

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