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| Content Provider | Springer Nature Link |
|---|---|
| Author | Hart, David |
| Copyright Year | 2015 |
| Abstract | In many regions of the world, crystalline bedrock aquifers are the only choice for groundwater supply. This is the case in northern Wisconsin, located in the upper Midwest of the continental United States. Here, groundwater flow to wells occurs only through fractures in the granitic basement. Although hydrofracturing of these wells is common and generally increases well yield, the precise mechanism for the increased yields remained unknown. Stressed and ambient flow logs were obtained in two 305-m-deep granitic boreholes in northern Wisconsin prior to hydrofracturing. From those logs, it was determined that nearly all of the groundwater flow to the boreholes occurred in less than 10 fractures in the upper 80 m, with no measureable contribution below that depth. Following hydrofracturing of the boreholes, stressed and ambient flow logs were again obtained. The transmissivity of the two boreholes increased by factors of 8.6 and 63 times. It was found that (1) the fractures that had contributed flow to the boreholes increased in transmissivity, (2) although the applied pressures were large enough in some instances to create new fractures, those new fractures did not increase the borehole transmissivities significantly, and (3) fractures without measureable flow before hydrofracturing remained without measureable flow. Hydrofracturing increases yield in granitic boreholes; however, that increase seems to only occur in fractures where flow was pre-existing and in the upper 80 m of the boreholes. These observations suggest that efforts to enhance yield in granitic aquifers should be focused on the upper part of the borehole.Dans de nombreuses régions du monde, les aquifères de socle cristallin constituent les seuls réservoirs pour l’alimentation en eau souterraine. C’est le cas du nord Wisconsin, situé dans la partie supérieure du Midwest des Etats Unis. Ici, l’écoulement des eaux souterraines dans les puits se produit uniquement par des fractures dans le sous-sol granitique. Bien que la fracturation hydraulique de ces puits est classique et augmente généralement le rendement des puits, le mécanisme précis de l’augmentation des rendements reste inconnu. Des diagraphies d’écoulement naturel et sous contrainte ont été obtenues dans deux forages profonds de 305 m en milieu granitique dans le Wisconscin avant fracturation hydraulique. A partir de ces diagraphies, il a été déterminé que la presque totalité de l’écoulement des eaux souterraines vers les forages prend place au sein de moins de 10 fractures dans les 80 m supérieurs, et sans aucune contribution mesurable en dessous de cette profondeur. Suite à la fracturation hydraulique des forages, des diagraphies en condition naturelle et sous contraintes ont été à nouveau obtenues. La transmissivité des deux forages a augmenté d’un facteur de 8.6 et 63 fois. On a trouvé que (1) les fractures contributives à l’écoulement vers les forages augmentent en transmissivité, (2) bien que les pressions appliquées soient suffisamment importantes pour créer dans certains cas de nouvelles fractures, ces nouvelles fractures n’ont pas donné lieu à une augmentation significative des transmissivités du forage, et (3) des fractures sans écoulement mesurable avant la fracturation hydraulique demeurent avec un écoulement non mesurable. La fracturation hydraulique augment le rendement dans les forages en contexte granitique. Cependant, cette augmentation semble se produire uniquement dans des fractures où un écoulement était pré-existant et dans les 80 m de la partie supérieure des forages. Ces observations suggèrent que les efforts pour améliorer le rendement des aquifères granitiques devraient se concentrer sur la partie supérieure des forages.En muchas regiones del mundo, los acuíferos en basamento cristalino son la única opción para el suministro de agua subterránea. Este es el caso en el norte de Wisconsin, que se encuentra en el medio oeste superior continental de los Estados Unidos. Aquí, el flujo del agua subterránea de los pozos se produce sólo a través de las fracturas en el basamento granítico. Aunque la hidrofracturación es común en estos pozos y generalmente así aumenta el rendimiento, el mecanismo preciso del aumento de los rendimientos se mantuvo desconocido. Los registros de flujo ambiental y estresado se obtuvieron en dos pozos de rocas graníticas de 305 m de profundidad en el norte de Wisconsin antes de la hidrofracturación. A partir de estos registros, se determinó que casi todo el flujo de agua subterránea hacia los pozos de sondeo se produjo en menos de 10 fracturas en los 80 m de la parte superior, con ninguna contribución medible por debajo de esa profundidad. Después de la hidrofracturación de los pozos se obtuvieron de nuevos los registros de flujo ambiental y estresado. La transmisividad de los dos pozos se incrementó en factores de 8.6 y 63 veces. Se encontró que (1) las fracturas que habían contribuido al flujo a los pozos de sondeo incrementaron la transmisividad, (2) aunque las presiones aplicadas fueron suficientes para crear nuevas fracturas en algunos casos, esas nuevas fracturas no aumentaron la transmisividad del pozo de manera significativa, y (3) las fracturas sin flujo medible antes de la hidrofracturación permanecieron sin flujo medible. La hidrofracturación aumenta el rendimiento en perforaciones en rocas graníticas. Sin embargo, este aumento parece ocurrir sólo en fracturas donde el flujo era pre-existente y en los 80 m de la parte superior de los pozos de sondeo. Estas observaciones sugieren que los esfuerzos para mejorar el rendimiento en los acuíferos de rocas graníticas deben centrarse en la parte superior del pozo.在世界许多地区,结晶基岩含水层是地下水供水的唯一来源。在美国北方中西部的威斯康星州北部情况就是这样。在这里,地下水只通过花岗岩基底的断裂流向水井。尽管这些水井的水力致裂很常见,并且通常增加水井的出水量,但出水量增加的确切机理仍然不清楚。在威斯康星州北部两个深度为305米的花岗岩钻孔中获取了水力致裂前的压力和周边水流记录。根据这些记录,确定了几乎所有的地下水在上部80米通过不到10个断裂流向钻孔,80米之下,基本没有地下水流向钻孔。钻孔的水力致裂后,在此获取了压力和周边水流记录。两个钻孔的导水率增加了8.6倍和63倍。发现,(1)有水流向钻孔的断裂导水率增加,(2)尽管作用压力在有些情况下足够大而增加新的断裂,但这些新的断裂不会增加很大的钻孔导水率,(3)水力致裂前没有可测水流的断裂水力致裂后仍然没有可测得的水流。水力致裂增加花岗岩钻孔的出水量。然而,出水量的增加似乎只出现在钻孔原来有水流及钻孔上部80米的断裂中。这些观测结果表明,增加花岗岩含水层的出水量工作应该集中在钻孔的上部。Em muitas regiões do mundo, aquíferos cristalinos são a única opção para abastecimento a partir das águas subterrâneas. Este é o caso no norte de Wisconsin, localizado acima do Centro Oeste continental dos Estados Unidos. Aqui, o escoamento das águas subterrâneas aos poços ocorre apenas através de fraturas no embasamento de granito. Embora o fraturamento hidráulico desses poços seja comum e geralmente aumenta o rendimento do poço, o exato mecanismo para o aumento do rendimento permanece desconhecido. Registros de escoamento sob condições naturais e induzidas foram obtidos em dois poços de 305 m de profundidade no norte de Wisconsin antes do fraturamento hidráulico. A partir desses registros, foi determinado que aproximadamente todo o escoamento de águas subterrâneas até os poços ocorreram em menos de 10 fraturas na região superior a 80 m, sem nenhuma contribuição mensurável abaixo dessa profundidade. Após o fraturamento hidráulico dos poços, registros de escoamento sob condições induzidas e naturais foram novamente obtidos. A transmissividade dos dois poços aumentou em um fator de 8.6 e 63 vezes. Foi descoberto que (1) as fraturas que contribuíram para o escoamento até os poços aumentaram a transmissividade, (2) embora as pressões aplicadas foram suficientemente grandes em algumas distâncias para criar novas fraturas, aquelas novas fraturas não aumentaram significativamente a transmissividade dos poços, e (3) fraturas sem escoamento mensurável antes do fraturamento hidráulico permaneceram sem escoamento mensurável. O fraturamento hidráulico aumenta o rendimento de poços em granito. Entretanto, esse aumento parece ocorrer apenas em fratura onde o escoamento foi preexistente e a 80 m a partir da parte superior dos poços. Essas observações sugerem que esforços para aumentar o rendimento de aquíferos graníticos devem ser focados na parte superior do poço. |
| Starting Page | 21 |
| Ending Page | 33 |
| Page Count | 13 |
| File Format | |
| ISSN | 14312174 |
| Journal | Hydrogeology Journal |
| Volume Number | 24 |
| Issue Number | 1 |
| e-ISSN | 14350157 |
| Language | Portuguese |
| Publisher | Springer Berlin Heidelberg |
| Publisher Date | 2015-09-26 |
| Publisher Institution | International Association of Hydrogeologists |
| Publisher Place | Berlin, Heidelberg |
| Access Restriction | One Nation One Subscription (ONOS) |
| Subject Keyword | Well enhancement Hydraulic testing Hydrofracture Flow logging USA Hydrogeology Hydrology/Water Resources Geology Water Quality/Water Pollution Geophysics/Geodesy Waste Water Technology Water Pollution Control Water Management Aquatic Pollution |
| Content Type | Text |
| Resource Type | Article |
| Subject | Earth and Planetary Sciences Water Science and Technology |
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