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| Content Provider | Springer Nature Link |
|---|---|
| Author | Houben, Georg Niard, Nadege Tünnermeier, Torge Himmelsbach, Thomas |
| Copyright Year | 2008 |
| Abstract | Shallow groundwater represents the main source for water supply in Kabul, Afghanistan. Detailed information on the hydrogeology of the Kabul Basin is therefore needed to improve the current supply situation and to develop a sustainable framework for future groundwater use. The basin is situated at the intersection of three major fault systems of partially translational and extensional character. It comprises three interconnected aquifers, 20–70 m thick, consisting of coarse sandy to gravely detritus originating from the surrounding mountains. The aquifers were deposited by three rivers flowing through the basin. The coarse aquifer material implies a high permeability. Deeper parts are affected by cementation of pore spaces, resulting in formation of semi-diagenetic conglomerates, causing decreased well yields. Usually the aquifers are covered by low-permeability loess which acts as an important protection layer. The main groundwater recharge occurs after the snowmelt from direct infiltration from the rivers. The steadily rising population is estimated to consume 30–40 million m$^{3}$ groundwater per year which is contrasted by an estimated recharge of 20–45 million m$^{3}$/a in wet years. The 2000–2005 drought has prevented significant recharge resulting in intense overexploitation indicated by falling groundwater levels.Les eaux souterraines peu profondes sont la principale source pour l’alimentation en eau dans Kaboul (Afghanistan). Des informations détaillées sur l’hydrogéologie du bassin de Kaboul sont alors nécessaires pour permettre d’améliorer la situation actuelle en terme d’alimentation et pour élaborer un plan durable pour une future utilisation des eaux souterraines. Le bassin est situé à l’intersection de trois systèmes majeurs de failles, failles dont le comportement est en partie en décrochement et en extension. Ce bassin est composé de trois aquifères de 20 à 70 m d’épaisseur, interconnectés, formés de sables grossiers jusques à des graviers détritiques originaires des montagnes avoisinantes. Les formations aquifères ont été déposées par trois rivières qui s’écoulaient au travers du bassin. Les matériaux aquifères grossiers sont l’indicateur d’une forte perméabilité. Les parties les plus profondes sont affectées par la cimentation des interstices, ce qui conduit à la formation de conglomérats semi-diagéniques et cause une baisse de la productivité des puits. Le plus souvent, les aquifères sont couverts par un lœss peu perméable qui joue le rôle d’une importante couche protectrice. La recharge des eaux souterraines se fait principalement après la fonte des neiges par une infiltration directe à partir des rivières. La consommation d’eau souterraine de la population, qui croit régulièrement, est estimée entre 30 et 40 Mm$^{3}$/an, volume qui doit être comparé à la recharge estimée entre 20 et 45 Mm$^{3}$/an pour les années humides. La sécheresse de la période 2000–2005 n’a pas permis de recharge significative, ce qui a eu pour conséquence une intense surexploitation qui s’observe par une chute des niveaux d’eaux souterraines.El agua subterránea somera constituye la fuente más importante de abastecimiento de Kabul, Afganistán. Por ello, para mejorar el conocimiento del abastecimiento actual y poder desarrollar en el futuro un uso sostenible de las aguas subterráneas es necesario disponer de una información detallada de la hidrogeología de la cuenca de Kabul. La cuenca está situada en la intersección de tres importantes sistemas de fracturación de tipología extensiva y trasnacional y está formada por tres acuíferos interconectados de 20 a 70 m de espesor, constituidos por arena gruesa y depósitos tamaño arena procedente de los relieves circundantes. Los acuíferos se originaron por el material depositado por tres ríos que atraviesan la cuenca. El material acuífero de mayor granulometría presenta elevada permeabilidad, pero en profundidad la cementación del espacio poroso ha originado la formación de conglomerados semi-diagenéticos y como consecuencia una disminución del caudal de los pozos. Generalmente, sobre los materiales acuíferos se deposita loess de baja permeabilidad, que actúa como una importante capa protectora. La principal recarga a los acuíferos procede de la fusión de la nieve y se produce por infiltración directa a través de los ríos. Se estima que la creciente población consume de 30 a 40 millones m$^{3}$ por año de agua subterránea, en contraste con una recarga estimada para años húmedos entre 20 a 45 millones de m$^{3}$. La sequía de 2000–2005 acompañada de una ausencia de recarga significativa, ha conducido a una importante sobreexplotación y un descenso del nivel del agua subterránea.浅层地下水是阿富汗喀布尔的主要饮用水来源。这就需要喀布尔盆地水文地质的详细信息, 以改进当前的供水状况和建立未来地下水可持续利用的框架。该盆地位于三组主要的部分走滑拉伸断裂系统的交汇处, 有三个相互连通的含水层, 厚20–70m, 由源于周围山区的粗砂至砾石碎屑组成。含水层由流经盆地的三条河流沉积而成。粗粒含水层物质意味着高渗透性。较深部位受孔隙空间胶结的影响, 形成半固结砾岩, 导致井出水量降低。含水层常上覆一层低渗透性黄土, 为重要的保护层。地下水的主要补给发生在融雪之后, 由河水直接渗漏补给。估计稳步增长的人口所消耗的地下水为0.30–0.40 亿m$^{3}$/a, 而估算的丰水年补给量为0.20 –0.45亿m$^{3}$/a。由于2000–2005年的干旱, 未形成显著补给, 导致严重超采, 反映为地下水位的降低。As águas subterrâneas de profundidade reduzida representam a principal fonte de abastecimento de água a Cabul, Afeganistão. É necessário, por conseguinte, reunir informação detalhada sobre a hidrogeologia da Bacia de Cabul para melhorar a situação actual de abastecimento de água e para o desenvolvimento de um quadro sustentável de utilização futura das águas subterrâneas. A bacia está localizada na intersecção de três falhas importantes de características parcialmente translacionais e extensivas. Compreende três aquíferos interligados, de 20 a 70 m de espessura, consistindo de sedimentos clásticos, areias grosseiras a seixos, provenientes das montanhas circundantes. Os materiais dos aquíferos foram depositados por três rios que atravessam a bacia. Os materiais mais grosseiros que compõem os aquíferos implicam permeabilidades mais elevadas. Nas zonas mais profundas ocorreu cimentação dos poros intergranulares, resultando na formação de conglomerados semi-diagenéticos, com produtividades menores. Geralmente os aquíferos estão subjacentes a uma camada pouco permeável de loess que constitui um importante nível de protecção. O principal período de recarga ocorre após o degelo, por infiltração directa a partir dos rios. Estima-se que o consumo de água subterrânea pela população, em crescimento gradual, seja de 30 a 40 milhões de m$^{3}$/ano, o que contrasta com uma recarga estimada em 20 a 45 milhões de m$^{3}$/ano em anos de maior precipitação. A seca de 2000–2005 impediu a ocorrência de recarga significativa, tendo resultado em intensa sobre-exploração reflectida no declínio dos níveis de água subterrânea. |
| Starting Page | 665 |
| Ending Page | 677 |
| Page Count | 13 |
| File Format | |
| ISSN | 14312174 |
| Journal | Hydrogeology Journal |
| Volume Number | 17 |
| Issue Number | 3 |
| e-ISSN | 14350157 |
| Language | Portuguese |
| Publisher | Springer-Verlag |
| Publisher Date | 2008-10-21 |
| Publisher Institution | International Association of Hydrogeologists |
| Publisher Place | Berlin, Heidelberg |
| Access Restriction | One Nation One Subscription (ONOS) |
| Subject Keyword | Afghanistan Urban groundwater Arid regions Over-abstraction Unconsolidated sediments Waste Water Technology Water Pollution Control Water Management Aquatic Pollution Geology Hydrogeology |
| Content Type | Text |
| Resource Type | Article |
| Subject | Earth and Planetary Sciences Water Science and Technology |
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