NDLI: Review: Occurrence of the pathogenic amoeba Naegleria fowleri in groundwater

Content Provider	Springer Nature Link
Author	Bright, Kelly R. Gerba, Charles P.
Copyright Year	2017
Abstract	Naegleria fowleri is a thermophilic free-living amoeba found worldwide in soils and warm freshwater. It is the causative agent of primary amebic meningoencephalitis, a nearly always fatal disease afflicting mainly children and young adults. Humans are exposed to the organism via swimming, bathing, or other recreational activity during which water is forcefully inhaled into the upper nasal passages. Although many studies have looked at the occurrence of N. fowleri in surface waters, limited information is available regarding its occurrence in groundwater and geothermally heated natural waters such as hot springs. This paper reviews the current literature related to the occurrence of N. fowleri in these waters and the methods employed for its detection. Case reports of potential groundwater exposures are also included. Despite increased interest in N. fowleri in recent years due to well-publicized cases linked to drinking water, many questions still remain unanswered. For instance, why the organism persists in some water sources and not in others is not well understood. The role of biofilms in groundwater wells and plumbing in individual buildings, and the potential for warming due to climate change to expand the occurrence of the organism into new regions, are still unclear. Additional research is needed to address these questions in order to better understand the ecology of N. fowleri and the conditions that result in greater risks to bathers. Naegleria fowleri est. une amibe thermophile libre trouvé dans les sols et eaux douce chaude du monde entier. Il s’agit de l’agent responsable de la méningoencéphalite amibienne primaire, une maladie presque toujours mortelle qui touche principalement les enfants et les jeunes adultes. Les humains sont exposés à l’organisme par la natation, le bain, ou toute autre activité récréative au cours de laquelle l’eau est. fortement inhalée dans les passages nasaux supérieurs. Bien que de nombreuses études aient porté sur la présence de N. fowleri dans les eaux de surface, on dispose de peu d’informations concernant sa présence dans les eaux souterraines et dans les eaux naturelles géothermales telles que les sources thermales. Cet article passe en revue la littérature actuelle relative à la présence de N. fowleri dans ces eaux et aux méthodes employées pour sa détection. Des rapports de cas d’exposition potentielle aux eaux souterraines sont également inclus. Malgré un intérêt accru pour N. fowleri au cours des dernières années au regard des cas bien médiatisés associés à l’eau potable, de nombreuses questions restent sans réponse. Par exemple, la persistance de l’organisme dans certaines sources d’eau et pas dans d’autres n’est. pas bien comprise. Le rôle des biofilms dans les puits d’eau souterraine et dans la plomberie de bâtiments individuels, et le potentiel réchauffement dû au changement climatique sur l’extension de la présence de l’organisme dans de nouvelles régions, ne sont toujours pas clairs. Des recherches supplémentaires sont nécessaires pour aborder ces questions afin de mieux comprendre l’écologie de N. fowleri et les conditions qui entraînent des risques plus importants pour les baigneurs. Naegleria fowleri es una ameba termófila de vida libre encontrada en todo el mundo en suelos y agua dulce cálida. Es el agente causal de la meningoencefalitis amebiana primaria, una enfermedad casi siempre fatal que afecta principalmente a niños y adultos jóvenes. Los seres humanos son expuestos al organismo a través de la natación, el baño, u otra actividad recreativa durante la cual el agua se inhala con fuerza en los pasajes nasales superiores. Aunque muchos estudios han examinado la presencia de N. fowleri en aguas superficiales, se dispone de información limitada sobre su presencia en aguas subterráneas y aguas naturales geotérmicamente calientes, como las aguas termales. Este trabajo revisa la literatura actual relacionada con la aparición de N. fowleri en estas aguas y los métodos empleados para su detección. También se incluyen informes de casos de posibles exposiciones al agua subterránea. A pesar del creciente interés en N. fowleri en los últimos años debido a los casos bien publicitados relacionados con el agua potable, muchas preguntas siguen sin respuesta. Por ejemplo, no se comprende bien por qué el organismo persiste en algunas fuentes de agua y no en otras. Aún no están claros el papel de los biofilms en pozos de agua subterránea y la plomería en edificios individuales, y el potencial de calentamiento debido al cambio climático para expandir la ocurrencia del organismo en nuevas regiones. Se necesitan más investigaciones para abordar estas cuestiones con el fin de comprender mejor la ecología de N. fowleri y las condiciones que dan lugar a mayores riesgos para los bañistas.福氏纳格里阿米巴原虫是世界范围内广见于土壤和温淡水中嗜热、独立生存的变形虫。它是引起主要阿米巴脑膜脑炎的载体,这种病几乎是折磨儿童和年轻人的致命疾病。人类在游泳、洗浴或其它娱乐活动中被迫吸入水至鼻腔通道中而接触有机体。尽管许多研究发现在地表水中存在着福氏纳格里阿米巴原虫,但有关其存在于地下水及地热天然水如温泉中的信息非常有限。本文回顾了目前有关这些水中存在福氏纳格里阿米巴原虫的文献及所使用的探测方法。也包括潜在地下水接触的实例报告。由于和饮用水相关联的案例宣传的很到位,近年来人们对福氏纳格里阿米巴原虫的研究兴趣在增加,但许多问题依然没有答案。例如,还没有弄清为什么有机体存留在一些水源中而不存留在其它的水源中。地下水井中的生物膜及单个建筑物的水暖管道的作用以及由于气候变化而升温造成有机体扩展到新的区域等问题仍然还不清楚。需要额外的研究来注重这些问题以便更好地了解福氏纳格里阿米巴原虫的生态环境以及对洗浴者造成更大风险的条件。.Naegleria fowleri é uma ameba termófila de vida livre encontrada mundo afora em solos e águas doces mornas. Esse é o agente causal primário de amebíase meningoencefálica, uma doença quase sempre fatal afligindo principalmente crianças e jovens adultos. Humanos são expostos ao organismo por meio de natação, banhos, ou outras atividades recreacionais nas quais durante a água é forçadamente aspirado para dentro das cavidades nasais superiores. Apesar de diversos estudos terem procurado pela ocorrência de N. fowleri em águas superficiais, estão disponíveis informações limitadas sobre sua ocorrência em águas subterrâneas e águas naturais aquecidas geotermalmente, como nascentes quentes. Esse artigo revisa a literatura atual relacionada com a ocorrência de N. fowleri nessas águas e os métodos aplicados para sua detecção. Casos reportados da exposição potencial das águas subterrâneas também são incluídos. Apesar do interesse crescente em N. fowleri em anos recentes devido a casos bem divulgados ligados a água de beber, muitas questões ainda permanecem sem resposta. Por exemplo, porque o organismo persiste em algumas fontes de água e não em outras ainda não é entendido. O papel dos biofilmes em poços de águas subterrâneas e encanamentos em prédios individuais, e o potencial de aquecimento devido a mudança climática para expandir a ocorrência do organismo para novas regiões ainda são obscuros. Pesquisa adicional é necessária para acessar essas questões no intuito de melhor entender a ecologia da N. fowleri e as condições que resultam em maiores riscos aos banhistas.
Starting Page	953
Ending Page	958
Page Count	6
File Format	PDF
ISSN	14312174
Journal	Hydrogeology Journal
Volume Number	25
Issue Number	4
e-ISSN	14350157
Language	Portuguese
Publisher	Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Publisher Date	2017-04-11
Publisher Institution	International Association of Hydrogeologists
Publisher Place	Berlin, Heidelberg
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Subject Keyword	Health Thermal conditions Ecology Groundwater monitoring Hydrogeology Hydrology/Water Resources Geology Water Quality/Water Pollution Geophysics/Geodesy Waste Water Technology Water Pollution Control Water Management Aquatic Pollution
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Earth and Planetary Sciences Water Science and Technology

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Review: Occurrence of the pathogenic amoeba Naegleria fowleri in groundwater

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Review: Occurrence of the pathogenic amoeba Naegleria fowleri in groundwater

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