NDLI: Using Flickering Light to Enhance Nonimage-Forming Visual Stimulation in Humans.

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Using Flickering Light to Enhance Nonimage-Forming Visual Stimulation in Humans.

Content Provider	World Health Organization (WHO)-Global Index Medicus
Author	Vartanian, Garen V. Zhao, Xiwu Wong, Kwoon Y.
Description	Country affiliation: United States Author Affiliation: Vartanian GV ( Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States 2Graduate Program in Macromolecular Science & Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States.); Zhao X ( Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States.); Wong KY ( Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States 3Department of Molecular, Cellular & Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States.)
Abstract	PURPOSE: Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) mediate nonimage-forming visual functions such as pupillary constriction and circadian photoentrainment. Optimizing daytime nonimage-forming photostimulation has health benefits. We aimed to enhance ipRGC excitation using flickering instead of steady light. METHODS: Human subjects were tested with a three-dimensional matrix of flickering 463-nm stimuli: three photon counts (13.7, 14.7 and 15.7 log photons cm(-2)), three duty cycles (12%, 47%, and 93%) and seven flicker frequencies (0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 7 Hz). Steady-state pupil constrictions were measured. RESULTS: Among stimuli containing 13.7 log photons cm-2, the one flickering at 2 Hz with a 12% duty cycle evoked the greatest pupil constriction of 48% ± 4%, 71% greater than that evoked by an equal-intensity (12.3 log photons cm(-2) s(-1)) continuous light. This frequency and duty cycle were also best for 14.7 log photons cm-2 stimuli, inducing a 58% ± 4% constriction which was 38% more than that caused by an equal-intensity (13.3 log photons cm(-2) s(-1)) constant light. For 15.7 log photons cm-2 stimuli, the 1-Hz, 47% duty cycle flicker was optimal although it evoked the same constriction as the best 14.7 log photons cm(-2) flicker. CONCLUSIONS: Pupillary constriction depends on flicker frequency and duty cycle besides intensity. Among the stimuli tested, the one with the lowest photon count inducing a maximal response is 13.3 log photons cm(-2) s(-1) flickering at 2 Hz with 12% duty cycle. Our data could guide the design of healthier architectural lighting and better phototherapy devices for treating seasonal affective disorder and jet lag.
ISSN	01460404
e-ISSN	15525783
DOI	10.1167/iovs.15-16468
Journal	Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science
Issue Number	8
Volume Number	56
Language	English
Publisher	Association for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology
Publisher Date	2015-07-01
Publisher Place	United States
Access Restriction	Open
Subject Keyword	Dark Adaptation Physiology Photic Stimulation Pupil Retinal Ganglion Cells Metabolism Rod Opsins Radiation Effects Vision, Ocular Animals Electrophysiological Phenomena Mice Cytology Research Support, N.i.h., Extramural Discipline Ophthalmology
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Ophthalmology Sensory Systems Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience

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