NDLI: Electroconvulsive shock and lidocaine reveal rapid consolidation of spatial working memory in the water maze.

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Earthquake prediction: the scientific challenge.

Earthquake prediction: the interaction of public policy and science.

Initiation process of earthquakes and its implications for seismic hazard reduction strategy.

Intermediate- and long-term earthquake prediction.

Scale dependence in earthquake phenomena and its relevance to earthquake prediction.

Intermediate-term earthquake prediction.

A selective phenomenology of the seismicity of Southern California.

The repetition of large-earthquake ruptures.

Hypothesis testing and earthquake prediction.

What electrical measurements can say about changes in fault systems.

Geochemical challenge to earthquake prediction.

Implications of fault constitutive properties for earthquake prediction.

Nonuniformity of the constitutive law parameters for shear rupture and quasistatic nucleation to dynamic rupture: a physical model of earthquake generation processes.

Rock friction and its implications for earthquake prediction examined via models of Parkfield earthquakes.

Slip complexity in earthquake fault models.

Dynamic friction and the origin of the complexity of earthquake sources.

Slip complexity in dynamic models of earthquake faults.

The organization of seismicity on fault networks.

Geometric incompatibility in a fault system.

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Electroconvulsive shock and lidocaine reveal rapid consolidation of spatial working memory in the water maze.

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Electroconvulsive shock and lidocaine reveal rapid consolidation of spatial working memory in the water maze.

Content Provider	World Health Organization (WHO)-Global Index Medicus
Author	Otáhal, P. Bohbot, V. Bures, J. Liu, Z. Nadel, L.
Description	Author Affiliation: Bohbot V ( Arizona Research Laboratories, Neural Systems Memory and Aging, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721, USA.);
Abstract	Head trauma leading to concussion and electroconvulsive shock (ECS) in humans causes amnesia for events that occurred shortly before the injury (retrograde amnesia). The present experiment investigated the amnesic effect of lidocaine and ECS in 25 rats trained on a working memory version of the Morris water task. Each day, the escape platform was moved to a new location; learning was evidenced by a decrease in the latency to find the platform from the first to the second trial. 'Consolidation' of this newly encoded spatial engram was disrupted by bilateral inactivation of the dorsal hippocampus with 1 microliter of 4% lidocaine applied as soon as possible after the first trial. When trial 2 was given after recovery from the lidocaine (30 min after the injection), a normal decrease in latency indicated that the new engram was not disrupted. When trial 2 was given under the influence of lidocaine (5 min after injection), absence of latency decrease demonstrated both the success of the inactivation and the importance of hippocampus for the task. To examine the role of events immediately after learning, ECS (30 or 100 mA, 50 Hz, 1.2 sec) was applied 0 sec to 45 sec after a single escape to the new platform location. A 2-h delay between ECS and trial 2 allowed the effects of ECS to dissipate. ECS applied 45 sec or 30 sec after trial 1 caused no retrograde amnesia: escape latencies on trial 2 were the same as in control rats. However, ECS applied 0 sec or 15 sec after trial 1 induced clear retrograde amnesia: escape latencies on trial 2 were no shorter than on trial 1. It is concluded that the consolidation of a newly formed memory for spatial location can only be disrupted by ECS within 30 sec after learning.
ISSN	00278424
e-ISSN	10916490
Journal	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Issue Number	9
Volume Number	93
Language	English
Publisher	National Academy of Sciences
Publisher Date	1996-07-01
Publisher Place	United States
Access Restriction	Open
Subject Keyword	Hippocampus Physiology Lidocaine Pharmacology Maze Learning Memory Amnesia Animals Craniocerebral Trauma Electroshock Drug Effects Administration & Dosage Microinjections Time Factors Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Multidisciplinary
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Multidisciplinary

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