NDLI: Effect of double- density foot orthoses on ground reaction forces and lower limb muscle activities during running in adults with and without pronated feet

Content Provider	Springer Nature : BioMed Central
Author	Piri, Ebrahim Sobhani, Vahid Jafarnezhadgero, AmirAli Arabzadeh, Ehsan Shamsoddini, Alireza Zago, Matteo Granacher, Urs
Abstract	Background The analysis of ground reaction forces and muscle activities during walking or running can help clinicians decide on the usage of foot orthoses, particularly in individuals with pronated feet. Here, we aimed to investigate the effects of double- density foot orthoses on running kinetics and lower limb muscle activities in adults with and without pronated feet. Methods Forty male adults with pronated feet (PF: n = 20, age = 25.4 ± 0.3 years, body-mass-index [BMI] = 23.3 ± 1.2 kg/m2) and without pronated feet (WPF: n = 20, age = 26.4 ± 1.0 years, BMI = 24.0 ± 0.7 kg/m2) volunteered to participate in this study. The study was registered with the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT20220129053865N1). Ground reaction forces (Fx, Fy, Fz) and lower limb muscle activities (e.g., m. gastrocnemius) were recorded using surface electromyography (EMGs) during running at a constant speed of 3.2 m/s over an 18-m walkway with an embedded force plate. EMGs were normalized to maximum voluntary isometric contractions. Results Test-retest reliability for running speed data was excellent for PF and WPF groups and for the entire study cohort with intraclass correlation coefficients > 0.95. The 2-way ANOVA revealed lower peak Fz (p = 0.011; d = 1.226), lower time-to-peak for Fx (p = 0.023, d = 1.068), Fy (p = 0.025, d = 1.056), and Fz (p = 0.045, d = 0.931) during running with foot orthoses in PF individuals. During the loading phase, PF and WPF exhibited lower gastrocnemius (WPF: p = 0.005, d = 1.608; PF: p = 0.001, d = 2.430 ) and vastus medialis (WPF: p < 0.001, d = 2.532; PF: p < 0.001, d = 2.503) activity when running with foot orthoses. Conclusions Although double- density foot orthoses resulted in some beneficial biomechanical effects such as lower muscle activation (e.g., m. vastus medialis) in individuals with PF, foot orthoses constructions need further modifications to achieve even better running mechanics to enhance performance and lower limbinjury occurrence. Trial registration IRCT20220129053865N1 (Registration date 19/08/2024).
Related Links	https://bmcsportsscimedrehabil.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13102-025-01095-5.pdf
Ending Page	13
Page Count	13
Starting Page	1
File Format	HTM / HTML
ISSN	20521847
DOI	10.1186/s13102-025-01095-5
Journal	BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation
Issue Number	1
Volume Number	17
Language	English
Publisher	BioMed Central
Publisher Date	2025-03-21
Access Restriction	Open
Subject Keyword	BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation Sports Medicine Orthopedics Rehabilitation Medicine Flat feet Insoles Electromyography Kinetics Gait analysis
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation Rehabilitation Orthopedics and Sports Medicine
Journal Impact Factor	2.1/2023
5-Year Journal Impact Factor	2.3/2023

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