NDLI: Benefits and hurdles of using brackish groundwater as a drinking water source in the Netherlands

Content Provider	Springer Nature Link
Author	Stuyfzand, Pieter J. Raat, Klaasjan J.
Copyright Year	2009
Abstract	The production of fresh drinking water from brackish groundwater by reverse osmosis (BWRO) is becoming more attractive, even in temperate climates. For successful application of BWRO, the following approach is advocated: (1) select brackish source groundwater with a large volume and a composition that will yield a concentrate (waste water) with low mineral saturation; (2) maintain the feed water salinity at a constant level by pumping several wells with different salinities; (3) keep the permeate-to-concentrate ratio low, to avoid supersaturation in the concentrate; (4) keep the system anoxic (to avoid oxidation reactions) and pressurized (to prevent formation of gas bubbles); and (5) select a confined aquifer for deep well injection where groundwater quality is inferior to the membrane concentrate. This approach is being tested at two BWRO pilot plants in the Netherlands. Research issues are the pumping of a stable brackish source water, the reverse osmosis system performance, membrane fouling, quality changes in the target aquifer as a result of concentrate disposal, and clogging of the injection well. First evaluations of the membrane concentrate indicate that it is crucial to understand the kinetics of mineral precipitation on the membranes, in the injection wells, and in the target aquifer.La production d’eau douce potable à partir d’eau souterraine saumâtre par osmose inverse (BWRO) devient plus attractive, même en climat tempéré. Pour une utilisation réussie de la BWRO, l’approche suivante est préconisée: (1) choisir une source d’eau souterraine saumâtre d’un volume important et d’une composition qui va produire un concentré (eau usée) avec une saturation en minéraux faible; (2) maintenir la salinité de l’eau d’alimentation à un niveau constant par pompage de plusieurs puits ayant des salinités différentes; (3) maintenir bas le rapport du filtrat au concentré; (4) maintenir anoxique le système (a fin d’éviter les réactions d’oxydation) et pressurisé (afin d’empêcher la formation de bulles de gaz); et (5) choisir un aquifère captif pour des puits d’injection profonds où la qualité de l’eau souterraine est inférieure au concentré de la membrane. Cette approche est testée dans deux installations BWRO pilotes aux Pays-Bas. Les objectifs de l’expérimentation sont le pompage d’une source d’eau souterraine saumâtre stable, la performance du système d’osmose inverse, l’encrassement de la membrane, le changement de qualité dans l’aquifère-cible, comme résultat de l’évacuation du concentré, et le colmatage du puit d’injection. Les premières déterminations du concentré de la membrane montrent qu’il est capital de comprendre la cinétique de le précipitation des minéraux sur les membranes, dans les puits d’injection et dans l’aquifère-cible.La producción de agua dulce potable a partir de aguas subterráneas salobres por osmosis inversa (BWRO) se ha convertido en más atractivo, aún en climas templados. Se recomienda para una aplicación exitosa de BWRO, el siguiente enfoque: (1) seleccionar las fuentes salobres de agua subterránea con un gran volumen y una composición que produzca un concentrado (agua residual) con una baja saturación mineral; (2) mantener la salinidad del agua de alimentación a un nivel constante bombeando varios pozos con diferentes salinidades; (3) mantener baja la relación de filtración a concentración para evitar la supersaturación en el concentrado; (4) mantener el sistema anóxico (para evitar reacciones de oxidación) y presurizado (para prevenir la formación de burbujas de gas); y (5) seleccionar un acuífero confinado para la inyección en pozos profundos donde la calidad del agua subterránea sea inferior al concentrado de la membrana. Esta aproximación está siendo testeada en dos plantas pilotos BWRO en Holanda. Los temas de investigación son el bombeo de una fuente estable de agua salobre, el rendimiento de un sistema de ósmosis inversa, los residuos de membrana, los cambios en la calidad en el acuífero de destino como un resultado de la eliminación de los residuos concentrados, y el taponamiento de los pozos de inyección. Las primeras evaluaciones de los concentrados de la membrana indican que es crucial entender la cinética de la precipitación del mineral en las membranas, en los pozos de inyección y en el acuífero de destino.A produção de água potável a partir de água subterrânea salobra por osmose inversa (BWRO) está a tornar-se mais atractiva, mesmo em climas temperados. Para a aplicação da BWRO com sucesso, aconselha-se o seguinte procedimento: (1) seleccionar uma origem de água subterrânea salobra com um grande volume e uma composição que forneça um concentrado (águas residuais) com baixa saturação mineral; (2) manter a um nível constante a salinidade da água fornecida, através da bombagem de vários furos com diferentes salinidades; (3) manter a proporção de concentrado baixa, para evitar a sobressaturação; (4) manter o sistema anóxico (para evitar reacções de oxidação) e pressurizado (para evitar a formação de bolhas de gás); e (5) seleccionar um aquífero confinado para injecção profunda, utilizando furos, e onde a qualidade da água subterrânea for inferior à do concentrado na membrana. Esta abordagem tem sido testada em duas instalações BWRO piloto, na Holanda. As questões em investigação são a bombagem de uma origem de água salobra estável, o desempenho do sistema de osmose inversa, a deterioração da membrana, as variações na qualidade do aquífero alvo em resultado da concentração de resíduos a devolver ao sistema hidrogeológico profundo, e a colmatação do furo de injecção. As primeiras avaliações dos concentrados presentes nas membranas indicam que é crucial entender a cinética de precipitação dos minerais nas membranas, nos furos de injecção e no aquífero alvo.
Starting Page	117
Ending Page	130
Page Count	14
File Format	PDF
ISSN	14312174
Journal	Hydrogeology Journal
Volume Number	18
Issue Number	1
e-ISSN	14350157
Language	Portuguese
Publisher	Springer-Verlag
Publisher Date	2009-10-16
Publisher Institution	International Association of Hydrogeologists
Publisher Place	Berlin, Heidelberg
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Subject Keyword	Water supply Salt-water/fresh-water relations Reverse osmosis Waste water disposal The Netherlands Waste Water Technology Water Pollution Control Water Management Aquatic Pollution Geology Hydrogeology
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Earth and Planetary Sciences Water Science and Technology

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