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| Content Provider | Springer Nature Link |
|---|---|
| Author | Barlow, Paul M. Reichard, Eric G. |
| Copyright Year | 2009 |
| Abstract | Saltwater has intruded into many of the coastal aquifers of the United States, Mexico, and Canada, but the extent of saltwater intrusion varies widely among localities and hydrogeologic settings. In many instances, the area contaminated by saltwater is limited to small parts of an aquifer and to specific wells and has had little or no effect on overall groundwater supplies; in other instances, saltwater contamination is of regional extent and has resulted in the closure of many groundwater supply wells. The variability of hydrogeologic settings, three-dimensional distribution of saline water, and history of groundwater withdrawals and freshwater drainage has resulted in a variety of modes of saltwater intrusion into coastal aquifers. These include lateral intrusion from the ocean; upward intrusion from deeper, more saline zones of a groundwater system; and downward intrusion from coastal waters. Saltwater contamination also has occurred along open boreholes and within abandoned, improperly constructed, or corroded wells that provide pathways for vertical migration across interconnected aquifers. Communities within the coastal regions of North America are taking actions to manage and prevent saltwater intrusion to ensure a sustainable source of groundwater for the future. These actions can be grouped broadly into scientific monitoring and assessment, engineering techniques, and regulatory approaches.De l’eau salée a envahi de nombreux aquifères côtiers des Etats-Unis, du Mexique, et du Canada, mais l’ampleur de l’intrusion d’eau salée varie beaucoup entre les endroits et les contextes géologiques. Dans de nombreux cas le secteur contaminé par l’eau salée se limite à de petites parties d’un aquifère et à des puits particuliers et a peu ou pas d’effet sur l’ensemble des approvisionnements en eau souterraine; dans d’autres cas, la contamination en eau salée a une extension régionale et a entraîné la fermeture de beaucoup de puits d’alimentation en eau souterraine. La variabilité des contextes géologiques, de la distribution en trois dimensions de l’eau saline, et de l’historique des prélèvements d’eau souterraine et du drainage d’eau douce s’est traduite par une variété de types d’intrusion d’eau salée dans les aquifères côtiers. Celles ci englobent l’intrusion latérale provenant de l’océan; l’intrusion vers le haut provenant de zones plus profondes, plus salines d’un système d’eau souterraine; et l’intrusion vers le bas d’eaux côtières. La contamination par l’eau salée s’est aussi produite le long de forages non tubés et dans des puits abandonnés, mal construits, ou corrodés qui offrent des passages pour la migration verticale à travers des aquifères interconnectés. Les communautés dans les régions côtières d’Amérique du Nord prennent des mesures pour gérer et empêcher l’intrusion d’eau salée afin de garantir un approvisionnement durable en eau souterraine pour le futur. Ces mesures peuvent être regroupées en gros en contrôle scientifique et évaluation, en techniques d’ingénierie, et en approche réglementaire.El agua salada ha invadido muchos de los acuíferos costeros de Estados Unidos, Méjico y Canadá, pero la extensión de la intrusión del agua salada varía ampliamente entre las localidades y características hidrogeológicas. En muchas oportunidades, el área contaminada por agua salada está limitada a pequeños sectores de un acuífero y a pozos específicos y ha tenido poco o ningún efecto sobre el abastecimiento general de las aguas subterráneas, en otros casos, la contaminación de agua salada es de extensión regional y ha provocado el cierre de muchos pozos de abastecimiento de aguas subterráneas. La variabilidad de las características hidrogeológicas, la distribución tridimensional del agua salada y la historia de la extracción de aguas subterráneas y drenaje de agua dulce ha provocado una variedad de modos de intrusión de agua salada en los acuíferos costeros. Estos incluyen intrusión lateral desde el océano, intrusión ascendente desde zonas profundas y más salinas de un sistema de agua subterránea e intrusión descendente desde las aguas costeras. La contaminación por agua salada ha ocurrido también a través de pozos abiertos y dentro de pozos abandonados, impropiamente construidos, o corroídos que proveen trayectorias para la migración vertical a través de acuíferos interconectados. Las comunidades dentro de las regiones costeras de América del Norte están tomando medidas para manejar y prevenir la intrusión de agua salada para asegurar una fuente sustentable de agua subterránea para el futuro. Estas acciones pueden ser agrupadas en un sentido amplio en monitoreo y evaluación científica, técnicas ingenieriles, y enfoques regulatorios.咸水入侵在美国、墨西哥和加拿大的许多滨海含水层都有发生, 但其程度因地点和水文地质背景存在很大差异。许多案例中, 咸水对含水层的污染为小部分、或局限于特定的井, 而对整个地下水供水影响很小或无影响 ; 其它一些案例中, 咸水污染达到区域规模, 导致许多地下水供水井停产。水文地质条件的不同、咸水的三维分布、地下水汲取历史, 及淡水排泄造成了咸水入侵滨海海水层的不同模式。这包括来自海洋的侧向入侵、地下水系统中深部咸水的上侵, 及滨海水域的下侵。咸水污染还发生在开放钻孔, 及废弃、建造不合理、或遭腐蚀的井, 因其提供了不连通含水层间的垂向迁移通道。北美沿海地区的社区正采取行动来防治咸水入侵, 以保证未来地下水的可持续供应。这些行动可概分为科学监测和评估、工程技术, 及调控方法。Muitos aquíferos costeiros dos Estados Unidos, México e Canadá registam contaminação por água salgada, mas a extensão da intrusão salina apresenta grandes variações entre localidades e condições hidrogeológicas. Em muitos casos, a área contaminada por água salgada está limitada a zonas reduzidas de um aquífero e a furos específicos, com poucos ou nenhuns efeitos no abastecimento geral em água subterrânea; noutras situações, a contaminação apresenta um carácter regional e resultou no abandono de muitas captações de água subterrânea. A variabilidade de ambientes hidrogeológicos, a distribuição tri-dimensional da água salinizada, e o historial de volumes captados e de drenagem de água doce, resultou numa variedade de padrões de intrusão salina nos aquíferos costeiros. Entre esses padrões, incluem-se a intrusão lateral a partir do oceano; a intrusão ascendente a partir de zonas profundas, de maior salinidade, do sistema aquífero; e a intrusão descendente a partir de águas da zona costeira. A contaminação por águas salgadas também ocorreu ao longo de sondagens operacionais e em furos abandonados, construídos de modo incorrecto ou com as protecções corroídas, e que constituem linhas de migração vertical entre aquíferos. As comunidades nas zonas costeiras da América do Norte estão a desenvolver iniciativas para gerir e prevenir a intrusão salina, de modo a garantir uma fonte sustentável de água subterrânea para o futuro. Estas iniciativas podem ser agrupadas genericamente em monitorização e avaliação, técnicas de engenharia, e regulação. |
| Starting Page | 247 |
| Ending Page | 260 |
| Page Count | 14 |
| File Format | |
| ISSN | 14312174 |
| Journal | Hydrogeology Journal |
| Volume Number | 18 |
| Issue Number | 1 |
| e-ISSN | 14350157 |
| Language | Portuguese |
| Publisher | Springer-Verlag |
| Publisher Date | 2009-09-17 |
| Publisher Institution | International Association of Hydrogeologists |
| Publisher Place | Berlin, Heidelberg |
| Access Restriction | One Nation One Subscription (ONOS) |
| Subject Keyword | Saltwater intrusion Coastal aquifers Groundwater management Groundwater monitoring North America Waste Water Technology Water Pollution Control Water Management Aquatic Pollution Geology Hydrogeology |
| Content Type | Text |
| Resource Type | Article |
| Subject | Earth and Planetary Sciences Water Science and Technology |
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