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| Content Provider | Springer Nature Link |
|---|---|
| Author | Pétré, Marie Amélie Rivera, Alfonso Lefebvre, René Hendry, M. Jim Folnagy, Attila J. B. |
| Copyright Year | 2016 |
| Abstract | A conceptual model of the transboundary Milk River Aquifer (MRA), extending across the Canada–USA border, was developed based on literature, focused fieldwork and a three-dimensional geological model. The MRA corresponds to the Virgelle Member of the Milk River Formation (Eagle Formation in Montana, USA) and it is an important groundwater resource over a large area (25,000 km$^{2}$). The Virgelle outcrops near the international border and along the Sweet Grass Arch in Montana. The down-gradient limit of the MRA is the unconformity separating the Virgelle from the gas-bearing sandy shale of the Alderson Member. The MRA is confined above by the Pakowki/Claggett Formations aquitards and below by the Colorado Group aquitard. The MRA contains higher transmissivity areas resulting in preferential flowpaths, confirmed by natural geochemical tracers. Tritium and $^{14}$C delineate restricted recharge areas along the outcrops on both sides of the international border. Drastic decreases in horizontal hydraulic gradients indicate that the Milk River intercepts a large proportion of groundwater flowing to the north from the recharge area. Downgradient of the Milk River, groundwater movement is slow, as shown by $^{36}$Cl residence times exceeding 1 Ma. These slow velocities imply that groundwater discharge downgradient of the Milk River is via vertical leakage through the Colorado Group and upward along buried valleys, which act as drains and correspond to artesian areas. When confined, the MRA contains a fossil groundwater resource, not significantly renewed by modern recharge. Groundwater exploitation thus far exceeds recharge, a situation requiring properly managed MRA groundwater depletion..Un modèle conceptuel de l’aquifère transfrontalier Milk River (MRA), traversant la frontière Canada-États-Unis d’Amérique, a été développé à partir d’une revue de littérature, de travaux de terrain ciblés et d’un modèle géologique tri-dimensionnel. Le MRA correspond au membre Virgelle de la Formation Milk River (Formation Eagle au Montana, États-Unis) et il constitue une importante ressource en eau souterraine sur une région étendue (25,000 km$^{2}$). Le membre Virgelle affleure près de la frontière internationale et le long de l’arche Sweet Grass au Montana. La limite du MRA en aval hydraulique correspond à la discordance séparant le membre Virgelle des argiles sableuses gazifières du membre Alderson. Le MRA est confiné entre les aquitards des formations supérieures Pakowki/Claggett et l’aquitard inférieur du Groupe Colorado. Le MRA contient des zones de plus grandes transmissivités correspondant à des chemins d’écoulements préférentiels, confirmés par des traceurs géochimiques naturels. Le tritium et le $^{14}$C délimitent des aires de recharge localisées le long des affleurements des deux côtés de la frontière internationale. Des diminutions importantes des gradients hydrauliques horizontaux indiquent que la rivière Milk intercepte une grande proportion des eaux souterraines s’écoulant vers le Nord à partir de la zone de recharge. En aval hydraulique de la rivière Milk, l’écoulement des eaux souterraine est lent, comme le montrent les temps de résidence à l’aide du $^{36}$Cl excédant 1 Ma. Ces vitesses lentes impliquent que l’émergence des eaux souterraines en aval de la rivière Milk s’effectue par un drainage vertical au travers du Groupe Colorado et vers le haut le long des vallées enfouies qui agissent comme des drains et correspondent à des zones artésiennes. Lorsque le MRA est confiné, il contient une ressource en eau souterraine fossile qui n’est pas renouvelée significativement par une recharge moderne. L’exploitation des eaux souterraines excède ainsi de beaucoup la recharge, une situation qui requiert une gestion appropriée de l’épuisement des eaux souterraines du MRA.En base a la literatura se desarrolló un modelo conceptual delacuífero transfronterizo Milk River (MRA), el cual se extiende a través de la frontera entre Canadá y EEUU, y enfocado en trabajo de campo y en un modelo geológico tridimensional. El MRA corresponde al miembro Virgelle de la Formación Milk River (Formación Eagle en Montana, EEUU) representando un importante recurso de agua subterránea en una extensa área (25,000 km$^{2}$). El miembro Virgelle aflora cerca de la frontera internacional y a lo largo del Sweet Grass Arch en Montana. El límite del gradiente aguas abajo del MRA es la discordancia que separa el Virgelle de la pizarra arenosa gasífera del miembro Alderson. El MRA está confinado por arriba por los acuitardos de las Formaciones Pakowki/Claggett y por debajo por el acuitardo del Grupo Colorado. El MRA contiene áreas de mayores transmisividades que resultan en trayectorias de flujo preferenciales, confirmados por trazadores geoquímicos naturales. El Tritio y $^{14}$C delinean áreas restringidas de recarga a lo largo de los afloramientos en ambos lados de la frontera internacional. Las drásticas disminuciones en los gradientes hídricos horizontales indican que el Milk River intercepta una gran proporción de agua subterránea que fluye hacia el norte desde la zona de recarga. Aguas abajo del Milk River, el movimiento del agua subterránea es lento, como se muestra por los tiempos de residencia del $^{36}$Cl que exceden a 1 Ma. Estas velocidades tan lentas implican que la descarga del agua subterránea aguas abajo del Milk River es por medio de las fugas verticales a través del Grupo de Colorado y hacia arriba a lo largo de los valles enterrados, que actúan como desagües y que corresponden a las zonas artesianas. En las partes confinadas, el MRA contiene un recurso de agua subterránea fósil, que no se renueva de manera significativa por la recarga moderna. La explotación del agua subterránea excede la recarga, una situación que requiere gestionar adecuadamente el agotamiento del agua subterránea del MRA.根据文献、重点野外工作和三维地质模型,建立了穿越加拿大-美国边界的米尔克河跨界含水层概念模型。米尔克河含水层相当于米尔克河组(美国的蒙塔纳州的Eagle组)的 Virgelle地层,是一大片地区(25,000 km$^{2}$)的重要地下水水源。Virgelle地层在国际边界附近及沿蒙塔纳州的Sweet Grass Arch出露。米尔克河含水层的向下倾斜界限为不整合,分隔着Virgelle地层和Alderson地层的含气砂质页岩。米尔克河含水层含有透水性很高的区域,形成了优先水流通道,这一特征通过天然地球化学示踪剂得到确认。氚和碳$^{14}$描述了国际边界两侧沿出露区受限制的补给区。水平方向的水力倾斜度的显著下降表明,米尔克河拦截了一大部分从补给区流向北面的地下水。由于米尔克河向下倾斜,地下水运移很慢,如氯$^{36}$滞留时间超过1 Ma所示。这样很慢的速度意味着,通过穿过Colorado组及沿埋藏河谷的向上垂直渗漏,米尔克河地下水排泄向下倾斜,Colorado组及沿埋藏河谷充当着排水通道,相当于自流区。米尔克河含水层为承压状况,含有古老的地下水源,被现代补给更新的不多。因此,地下水开采量远远超过补给量,这种情况需要恰当地管理好米尔克河含水层的地下水。Um modelo conceitual do aquífero transfronteiriço do Rio Milk (MRA), estendendo-se pela fronteira Canadá-EUA, foi desenvolvido com base na literatura, trabalho de campo específico e um modelo geológico tridimensional. O MRA corresponde ao Membro Virgelle da Formação Rio Milk (Formação Eagle em Montana, EUA) e é um recurso hídrico subterrâneo importante em uma área grande (25,000 km$^{2}$). O Virgelle aflora perto da fronteira internacional e ao longo do arco Sweet Grass em Montana. O limite de gradiente descendente do MRA é a inconformidade que separa o Virgelle do xisto arenoso portadores de gás do Membro Alderson. O MRA está confinado acima pelo aquitardo das Formações Pakowki/Claggett e abaixo pelo aquitardo do Grupo Colorado. O MRA contém áreas de transmissividade mais elevadas, resultando em caminhos de fluxo preferenciais, confirmados por traçadores geoquímicos naturais. Trítio e $^{14}$C delinearam áreas de recarga restritas ao longo dos afloramentos em ambos os lados da fronteira internacional. Reduções drásticas em gradientes hidráulicos horizontais indicam que o Rio Milk intercepta uma grande proporção de água subterrânea que flui para o norte da área de recarga. À jusante do Rio Milk, o movimento da água subterrânea é lento, como mostrado pelos tempos de residência do $^{36}$Cl superiores a 1 Ma. Essas velocidades lentas implicam que a descarga de águas subterrâneas no gradiente descendente do Rio Milk é via drenança vertical através do Grupo Colorado e para cima ao longo de vales enterrados, que atuam como drenos e correspondem a áreas artesianas. Quando confinado, o MRA contém um recurso de água subterrânea fóssil, não significativamente renovado pela recarga moderna. A explotação das águas subterrâneas até agora excede recarga, uma situação que exige gestão adequada do rebaixamento das águas subterrâneas do MRA. |
| Starting Page | 1847 |
| Ending Page | 1871 |
| Page Count | 25 |
| File Format | |
| ISSN | 14312174 |
| Journal | Hydrogeology Journal |
| Volume Number | 24 |
| Issue Number | 7 |
| e-ISSN | 14350157 |
| Language | Portuguese |
| Publisher | Springer Berlin Heidelberg |
| Publisher Date | 2016-06-29 |
| Publisher Institution | International Association of Hydrogeologists |
| Publisher Place | Berlin, Heidelberg |
| Access Restriction | One Nation One Subscription (ONOS) |
| Subject Keyword | Transboundary aquifer Conceptual model Milk River aquifer Canada USA Hydrogeology Hydrology/Water Resources Geology Water Quality/Water Pollution Geophysics/Geodesy Waste Water Technology Water Pollution Control Water Management Aquatic Pollution |
| Content Type | Text |
| Resource Type | Article |
| Subject | Earth and Planetary Sciences Water Science and Technology |
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