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| Content Provider | Springer Nature Link |
|---|---|
| Author | Afsin, Mustafa Allen, Diana M. Kirste, Dirk Durukan, U. Gokcen Gurel, Ali Oruc, Ozcan |
| Copyright Year | 2013 |
| Abstract | Mixing is a dominant hydrogeological process in the hydrothermal spring system in the Cappadocia region of Turkey. All springs emerge along faults, which have the potential to transmit waters rapidly from great depths. However, mixing with shallow meteoric waters within the flow system results in uncertainty in the interpretation of geochemical results. The chemical compositions of cold and warm springs and geothermal waters are varied, but overall there is a trend from Ca–HCO$_{3}$ dominated to Na–Cl dominated. There is little difference in the seasonal ionic compositions of the hot springs, suggesting the waters are sourced from a well-mixed reservoir. Based on δ$^{18}$O and δ$^{2}$H concentrations, all waters are of meteoric origin with evidence of temperature equilibration with carbonate rocks and evaporation. Seasonal isotopic variability indicates that only a small proportion of late spring and summer precipitation forms recharge and that fresh meteoric waters move rapidly into the flow system and mix with thermal waters at depth. $^{3}$H and percent modern carbon (pmC) values reflect progressively longer groundwater pathways from cold to geothermal waters; however, mixing processes and the very high dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) of the water samples preclude the use of either isotope to gain any insight on actual groundwater ages.Le mélange est un processus hydrogéologique dominant dans le système de sources thermales de la région du Cappadoce en Turquie. Toutes les sources émergent le long de failles, qui ont la capacité de transmettre des eaux rapidement depuis de grandes profondeurs. Toutefois, le mélange avec des eaux météoriques peu profondes à l’intérieur du système d’écoulement entraîne une incertitude dans l’interprétation des résultats géochimiques. Les compositions des eaux de sources chaudes et froides et des eaux géothermales sont variables, mais de façon générale il y a une tendance du pôle Ca–HCO$_{3}$ vers le pôle Na–Cl. Il y a une différence saisonnière petite dans la composition ionique des sources chaudes, suggérant que les eaux sont issues d’un réservoir source où elles sont bien mélangées. Les concentrations δ$^{18}$O et δ$^{2}$H indiquent que toutes les eaux sont d’origine météorique mettant en évidence la température d’équilibre avec roches carbonatées et évaporation. Une variabilité isotopique saisonnière indique que seule une petite part de précipitations tardives de printemps et d’été constituent la recharge et que les eaux météoriques récentes s’écoulent rapidement dans le système et se mélangent avec les eaux thermales en profondeur. $^{3}$H et la concentration en carbone moderne (pmC) reflètent un cheminement souterrain de l’eau s’accroissant progressivement des eaux froides aux eaux géothermales; toutefois, les processus de mélange et la proportion élevée de carbone inorganique (DIC) des échantillon d’eau impliquent l’utilisation de l’un ou l’autre isotope pour obtenir quelque indication sur l’âge de l’eau souterraine récente.La mezcla es un proceso hidrogeológico dominante en el sistema de manantiales hidrotermales en la región de Capadocia de Turquía. Todos los manantiales emergen a lo largo de fallas, las cuales tienen el potencial de transmitir aguas rápidamente desde grandes profundidades. Sin embargo, la mezcla con aguas meteóricas someras dentro de un sistema de flujo resulta en incertidumbres en la interpretación de los resultados geoquímicos. Las composiciones químicas de manantiales de aguas frías y cálidas y aguas geotermales son variados, pero sobretodo existe una tendencia desde el predominio de aguas Ca–HCO$_{3}$ al predominio de las Na–Cl. Existe una pequeña diferencia en las composiciones iónicas estacionales de los manantiales calientes, lo cual sugiere que las aguas provienen desde un reservorio bien mezclado. Sobre la base de concentraciones de δ$^{18}$O y δ$^{2}$H, todas las aguas son de origen meteórico con evidencias de un equilibro de la temperatura con las rocas carbonáticas y la evaporación. La variabilidad isotópica estacional indica que solamente una pequeña proporción de las precipitaciones tardías de la primavera y del verano da lugar a la recarga y que las aguas meteóricas dulce se mueven rápidamente en el sistema de flujo y se mezclan con aguas termales en profundidad. Los valores $^{3}$H y el porcentaje de carbono moderno (pmC) reflejan progresivamente trayectorias más prolongadas desde aguas frías a geotermales, sin embargo, los procesos de mezcla y el muy alto carbono inorgánico disuelto (DIC) de las muestras de agua impiden el uso de cualquiera de los isótopos para conseguir un conocimiento más profundo sobre las edades reales del agua subterránea.土耳其Cappadocia地区热水泉系统中,混合是一个主要的水文地质过程。所有的泉沿断层出现,这些断层有从深部快速输水的潜力。然而,水流系统内与浅层大气水混合可导致地球化学结果解译中的不确定性。冷泉和温泉化学组分及地热水的化学组分各种各样,但总的来说,有从Ca–HCO$_{3}$主导到Na–Cl主导的趋势。热泉中季节性的离子组分差别很小,表明井水与热储水混合。根据δ$^{18}$O 和 δ$^{2}$H含量,所有的水来自大气,证据是其温度与碳酸盐岩和蒸发作用平衡。季节同位素变异性表明只有一小部分晚春和夏季降水形成补给,大气淡水迅速运移进入水流系统,并与深部的热水混合。$^{3}$H及百分比现代碳(pmC)值反映出从冷到地热水的地下水通道逐渐变长。然而,混合过程和水样中非常高的溶解无机碳妨碍使用同位素获取实际的地下水年龄信息。O processo de mistura é o processo hidrogeológico dominante no sistema de nascentes hidrotermais na região da Capadócia, na Turquia. Todas as nascentes emergem ao longo de falhas, que têm o potencial de transmitir rapidamente águas de grandes profundidades. No entanto, a mistura com águas meteóricas de pequena profundidade dentro do sistema de fluxo resulta em incerteza na interpretação dos resultados geoquímicos. As composições químicas de nascentes frias e quentes e das águas geotérmicas são variadas, mas no geral há uma tendência para um domínio de Ca–HCO$_{3}$ até um domínio Na–Cl. Há pouca diferença nas composições iónicas sazonais das nascentes termais, sugerindo que as águas são provenientes de um reservatório bem misturado. Com base nas concentrações de δ$^{18}$O e δ$^{2}$H, todas as águas são de origem meteórica, com evidência de equilíbrio da temperatura com rochas carbonatadas e evaporação. A variabilidade isotópica sazonal indica que apenas uma pequena porção da precipitação do final da primavera e do verão faz parte da recarga e que a água doce meteórica se move rapidamente para o sistema de fluxo e se mistura com águas termais em profundidade. Os valores de $^{3}$H e da percentagem de carbono moderno (pmC) refletem percursos de água subterrânea progressivamente mais longos das águas frias para as águas geotérmicas; no entanto, os processos de mistura e os valores muito elevados de carbono inorgânico dissolvido (DIC) nas águas subterrâneas impedem a utilização de qualquer isótopo para obter algum conhecimento sobre as idades atuais da água subterrânea.Karışım, Türkiye’nin Kapadokya bölgesindeki sıcak su kaynak sisteminde baskın bir hidrojeolojik süreçtir. Tüm kaynak suları, çok derinlerden yüzeye doğru suyu hızlıca iletme potansiyeline sahip faylar boyunca çıkmaktadır. Ancak, akış sisteminde sığ meteorik sularla karışım jeokimyasal sonuçların yorumlanmasında belirsizliğe yol açmaktadır. Soğuk, sıcak ve jeotermal suların kimyasal bileşimleri farklı olmakla birlikte, bunlarda Ca–HCO$_{3}$’den Na–Cl’ye doğru baskın bir iyon değişim eğilimi vardır. Sıcak su kaynaklarının mevsimsel iyonik bileşimlerindeki küçük değişim, suların önemli ölçüde karışım özellikli bir rezervuardan geldiğine işaret eder. δ$^{18}$O ve δ$^{2}$H konsantrasyonlarına göre, tüm sular, karbonat kayaçlar ve buharlaşma ile denge sıcaklığının kanıtı olup, meteorik kökenlidir. Mevsimsel izotopik değişim, bahar dönemi sonu ve yaz dönemi yağışından az miktarda beslenime ve genç meteorik suların akış sistemine hızlıca hareketine ve derinlerde sıcak sularla karışımına işaret eder. $^{3}$H ve pmC değerleri, soğuk sulardan jeotermal sulara doğru ilerleyen daha uzun yeraltısuyu akış yollarını yansıtmasına rağmen, karışım süreçleri ve çok yüksek çözünmüş inorganik karbon (DIC) içeren su örnekleri, izotopu kullanarak gerçek yeraltısuyu yaşları konusunda herhangi bir görüş sunulmasını engeller. |
| Starting Page | 7 |
| Ending Page | 23 |
| Page Count | 17 |
| File Format | |
| ISSN | 14312174 |
| Journal | Hydrogeology Journal |
| Volume Number | 22 |
| Issue Number | 1 |
| e-ISSN | 14350157 |
| Language | Turkish |
| Publisher | Springer Berlin Heidelberg |
| Publisher Date | 2013-10-08 |
| Publisher Institution | International Association of Hydrogeologists |
| Publisher Place | Berlin, Heidelberg |
| Access Restriction | One Nation One Subscription (ONOS) |
| Subject Keyword | Hydrothermal springs Thermal conditions Hydrogeochemistry Isotopes Turkey Hydrogeology Hydrology/Water Resources Geology Waste Water Technology Water Pollution Control Water Management Aquatic Pollution |
| Content Type | Text |
| Resource Type | Article |
| Subject | Earth and Planetary Sciences Water Science and Technology |
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