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Mixing of hydrothermal water and groundwater near hot springs, Yellowstone National Park (USA): hydrology and geochemistry

Content Provider	Springer Nature Link
Author	Gibson, Matthew L. Hinman, Nancy W.
Copyright Year	2013
Abstract	Studies of hot springs have focused mainly on the properties of fluids and solids. Fewer studies focus on the relationship between the hot springs and groundwater/surface-water environments. The differences in temperature and dissolved solids between hot-spring water and typical surface water and groundwater allow interactions to be traced. Electromagnetic terrain (EMT) conductivity is a nonintrusive technique capable of mapping mixing zones between distinct subsurface waters. These interactions include zones of groundwater/surface-water exchange and groundwater mixing. Herein, hydrogeological techniques are compared with EMT conductivity to trace hot-spring discharge interactions with shallow groundwater and surface water. Potentiometric-surface and water-quality data determined the hydrogeochemistry of two thermally influenced areas in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming (USA). Data from the sites revealed EMT conductivity contrasts that reflected the infiltration of conductive hot-spring discharge to local groundwater systems. The anomalies reflect higher temperatures and conductivity for Na$^{+}$–Cl$^{−}$-rich hydrothermal fluids compared to the receiving groundwater. EMT conductivity results suggested hot springs are fed by conduits largely isolated from shallow groundwater; mixing of waters occurs after hot-spring discharge infiltrates groundwater from the surface and, generally, not by leakage in the subsurface. A model was proposed to explain the growth of sinter mounds.Les études sur les sources chaudes ont porté principalement sur les propriétés des fluides et de l’encaissant. Il y a moins d’études ciblant la relation entre les sources chaudes et les eaux souterraines et superficielles environnantes. Les différences de températures et des matières dissoutes entre d’une part l’eau de la source chaude et d’autre part les eaux de surface et souterraines types permettent d’esquisser leurs interactions. La conductivité électromagnétique de terrain (EMT) est une technique non intrusive se prêtant à la cartographie des zones de mélange entre des eaux de subsurface distinctes. Ces interactions intègrent des zones d’échange eau de surface/eau souterraine et de mélange d’eaux souterraines. A cet égard, les techniques hydrogéologiques sont comparées à la conductivité EMT pour tracer les interactions de l’émergence de la source chaude avec l’eau souterraine superficielle et l’eau de surface. Les données potentiométriques de surface et de qualité de l’eau ont caractérisé l’hydrogéochimie de deux zones influencées par les eaux thermales du Parc National de Yellowstone, Wyoming (USA). Les données provenant des sites ont révélé des contrastes de conductivité EMT qui traduisent l’infiltration de l’émission conductrice de la source chaude dans les systèmes d’eau souterraine locaux. Les anomalies reflètent pour les fluides hydrothermaux, riches en Na$^{+}$–Cl$^{−}$ des températures et une conductivité plus élevées comparativement à l’eau souterraine réceptrice. Les résultats de conductivité EMT suggèrent que les sources chaudes sont alimentées par des conduits largement isolés de l’eau souterraine superficielle; le mélange des eaux se produit quand l’émergence de la source chaude infiltre l’eau souterraine depuis la surface et généralement pas par fuite d’eau chaude au droit de la subsurface. Un modèle est proposé pour expliquer l’édification des amas concrétionnés.Los estudios de manantiales de aguas termales se han enfocado principalmente en las propiedades de los fluidos y los sólidos. Unos pocos estudios enfocan la relación entre los manantiales termales y los ambientes de agua superficial y agua subterránea. Las diferencias de temperatura y sólidos disueltos entre el agua de manantiales termales y el agua superficial y el agua subterránea típica permiten trazar las interacciones. La conductividad electromagnética del terreno (EMT) es una técnica no intrusiva capaz de mapear zonas de mezclas entre distintas aguas subsuperficiales. Estas interacciones incluyen zonas de intercambio de agua subterránea y agua superficial y mezcla de agua subterránea. Aquí, se comparan las técnicas hidrogeológicas con la conductividad EMT para trazar las interacciones de descarga de manantiales termales con el agua subterránea somera y con el agua superficial. Los datos de la superficie potenciométrica y de la calidad del agua determinaron la hidrogeoquímica de dos áreas termalmente influenciadas en el Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming (EEUU). Los datos de los sitios revelaron que contrastan las conductividades EMT con las que reflejaron la infiltración de la descarga del manantial termal conductivo al sistema de agua subterránea local. Las anomalías reflejan mejor temperaturas altas y la conductividad para flujos hidrotermales ricos en Na$^{+}$–Cl$^{—}$comparados al agua subterránea receptora. Los resultados de la conductividad EMT sugirieron que los manantiales termales están alimentados por conductos en gran parte aislados de agua subterránea somera: la mezcla de agua ocurre después que la descarga del manantial termal infiltra al agua subterránea desde la superficie y generalmente no por filtración en la subsuperficie. Se propone un modelo para explicar el crecimiento de montículos de sinterización.Os estudos de fontes termais têm-se centrado principalmente nas propriedades dos líquidos e dos sólidos. São escassos os estudos que se concentram na relação entre as nascentes termais e os ambientes de águas subterrâneas/superficiais. As diferenças de temperatura e de sólidos dissolvidos entre as águas das nascentes termais e as águas superficiais e subterrâneas típicas permitem a identificação de interações. A condutividade eletromagnética do terreno (EMT) é uma técnica não intrusiva capaz de mapear zonas de mistura entre diferentes águas subsuperficiais. Essas interações incluem zonas de trocas de águas superficiais-águas subterrâneas e mistura de águas subterrâneas. Aqui, as técnicas hidrogeológicas são comparadas com a condutividade EMT para delimitar as interações da descarga da água termal com a água subterrânea subsuperficial e a água superficial. Os dados da superfície potenciométrica e da qualidade da água determinam a hidrogeoquímica de duas áreas termicamente influenciadas no Parque Nacional de Yellowstone, Wyoming (EUA). Os dados desses locais revelaram contrastes de condutividade EMT que refletiam a infiltração de descargas de água termal condutiva para os sistemas de água subterrânea local. As anomalias refletem as temperaturas e as condutividades mais elevadas dos fluidos hidrotermais ricos em Na$^{+}$–Cl$^{−}$ em comparação com as águas subterrâneas recetoras. Os resultados da condutividade EMT sugeriram que as nascentes termais são alimentadas por condutas em grande parte isoladas das águas subterrâneas subsuperficiais; a mistura de águas ocorre depois da descarga das nascentes termais se infiltrar na água subterrânea a partir da superfície e, geralmente, não por transferência em meio subsuperficial. Foi proposto um modelo para explicar o crescimento das acumulações de sedimento calcário (sinter).
Starting Page	919
Ending Page	933
Page Count	15
File Format	PDF
ISSN	14312174
Journal	Hydrogeology Journal
Volume Number	21
Issue Number	4
e-ISSN	14350157
Language	Portuguese
Publisher	Springer-Verlag
Publisher Date	2013-03-23
Publisher Institution	International Association of Hydrogeologists
Publisher Place	Berlin, Heidelberg
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Subject Keyword	Hot springs Electromagnetic terrain conductivity Groundwater/surface-water relations Hydrochemistry USA Hydrogeology Hydrology/Water Resources Geology Waste Water Technology Water Pollution Control Water Management Aquatic Pollution
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Earth and Planetary Sciences Water Science and Technology

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