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Brain mechanisms of sympathetic activation in heart failure: Roles of the reninangiotensin system, nitric oxide and proinflammatory cytokines (Review).

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Brain mechanisms of sympathetic activation in heart failure: Roles of the reninangiotensin system, nitric oxide and proinflammatory cytokines (Review).

Content Provider	World Health Organization (WHO)-Global Index Medicus
Author	Xu, Bin Li, Hongli
Description	Author Affiliation: Xu B ( Department of Cardiology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, College of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China.); Li H ( Department of Cardiology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, College of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200080, P.R. China.)
Abstract	Patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) have an insufficient perfusion to the peripheral tissues due to decreased cardiac output. The compensatory mechanisms are triggered even prior to the occurrence of clinical symptoms, which include activation of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and other neurohumoral factors. However, the longterm activation of the SNS contributes to progressive cardiac dysfunction and has toxic effects on the cardiomyocytes. The mechanisms leading to the activation of SNS include changes in peripheral baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes and the abnormal regulation of sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) in the central nervous system (CNS). Recent studies have focused on the role of brain mechanisms in the regulation of SNA and the progression of CHF. The reninangiotensin system, nitric oxide and proinflammatory cytokines were shown to be involved in the abnormal regulation of SNA in the CNS. The alteration of these neurohumoral factors during CHF influences the activity of neurons in the autonomic regions and finally increase the sympathetic outflow. The present review summarizes the brain mechanisms contributing to sympathoexcitation in CHF.
ISSN	17912997
e-ISSN	17913004
DOI	10.3892/mmr.2015.4434
Journal	Molecular Medicine Reports
Issue Number	6
Volume Number	12
Language	English
Publisher	Spandidos Publications
Publisher Date	2015-12-01
Publisher Place	Greece
Access Restriction	Open
Subject Keyword	Cytokines Physiology Heart Failure Physiopathology Renin-angiotensin System Chronic Disease Metabolism Models, Biological Nitric Oxide Sympathetic Nervous System Discipline Molecular Biology
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Genetics Biochemistry Molecular Biology Cancer Research Molecular Medicine Oncology

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