NDLI: Two-step hydrothermal synthesis of submicron $Li_{1+x}Ni_{0.5}Mn_{1.5}O_{4−δ}$ for lithium-ion battery cathodes (x = 0.02, δ = 0.12)

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Two-step hydrothermal synthesis of submicron $Li_{1+x}Ni_{0.5}Mn_{1.5}O_{4−δ}$ for lithium-ion battery cathodes (x = 0.02, δ = 0.12)

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Two-step hydrothermal synthesis of submicron $Li_{1+x}Ni_{0.5}Mn_{1.5}O_{4−δ}$ for lithium-ion battery cathodes (x = 0.02, δ = 0.12)

Content Provider	World Health Organization (WHO)-Global Index Medicus
Author	Hao, Xiaoguang Bartlett, Bart M. Austin, Mark H.
Description	Author Affiliation: Hao X ( Department of Chemistry and University of Michigan, 930 N. University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.)
Abstract	A facile two-step hydrothermal method is developed for the large-scale preparation of lithium nickel manganese oxide spinel as a cathode material for lithium ion batteries. In the reaction, nickel is introduced in a first step at neutral pH, followed by lithium insertion under base to form a product having composition $Li_{1.02}Ni_{0.5}Mn_{1.5}O_{3.88}.$ The X-ray diffraction pattern and Raman spectroscopy of the synthesized material support a cubic Fdm structure in which Ni and Mn are disordered on the 16d Wyckoff site, necessary for good cycling characteristics. XP spectroscopy and elemental analysis confirms that Mn remains reduced in the final product $(Z_{Mn}$ = 3.82) and that two different chemical environments for Ni exist on the surface. SEM imaging shows a primary particle size of ∼200 nm, and galvanostatic cycling of the material vs. $Li^{+/0}$ gives a reversible gravimetric capacity of ∼120 mA h $g^{−1}$ at 1 C rate (147 mA $g^{−1})$ with reversible cycling up to 1470 mA $g^{−1},$ supported by rapid $Li^{+}$ diffusion. The capacity fade at 1 C is substantial, 17.3% over the first 100 cycles between 3.4 and 5.0 V. However, when the voltage limits are altered, the capacity retention is excellent: nearly 100% when cycled either between 3.4 and 4.4 V (where oxygen vacancies are not electrochemically active) or 89% when cycled between 4.4 and 5.0 V (where the Jahn–Teller active $Mn^{4+/3+}$ couple is not accessed).
ISSN	14779226
Issue Number	26
Journal	Dalton Trans.
Volume Number	41
e-ISSN	13645447
Language	English
Publisher	Royal Society of Chemistry
Publisher Date	2012-07-14
Publisher Place	Great Britain (UK)
Access Restriction	Subscribed
Subject Keyword	Chemistry
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Inorganic Chemistry

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