NDLI: Fungal endophytes limit pathogen damage in a tropical tree.

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Fungal endophytes limit pathogen damage in a tropical tree.

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Fungal endophytes limit pathogen damage in a tropical tree.

Content Provider	World Health Organization (WHO)-Global Index Medicus
Author	Maynard, Zuleyka Robbins, Nancy Herre, Edward Allen Kyllo, Damond Mejía, Luis Carlos Arnold, A. Elizabeth Rojas, Enith I.
Spatial Coverage	Panama
Description	Author Affiliation: Arnold AE ( Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. aearnold@duke.edu);
Abstract	Every plant species examined to date harbors endophytic fungi within its asymptomatic aerial tissues, such that endophytes represent a ubiquitous, yet cryptic, component of terrestrial plant communities. Fungal endophytes associated with leaves of woody angiosperms are especially diverse; yet, fundamental aspects of their interactions with hosts are unknown. In contrast to the relatively species-poor endophytes that are vertically transmitted and act as defensive mutualists of some temperate grasses, the diverse, horizontally transmitted endophytes of woody angiosperms are thought to contribute little to host defense. Here, we document high diversity, spatial structure, and host affinity among foliar endophytes associated with a tropical tree (Theobroma cacao, Malvaceae) across lowland Panama. We then show that inoculation of endophyte-free leaves with endophytes isolated frequently from naturally infected, asymptomatic hosts significantly decreases both leaf necrosis and leaf mortality when T. cacao seedlings are challenged with a major pathogen (Phytophthora sp.). In contrast to reports of fungal inoculation inducing systemic defense, we found that protection was primarily localized to endophyte-infected tissues. Further, endophyte-mediated protection was greater in mature leaves, which bear less intrinsic defense against fungal pathogens than do young leaves. In vitro studies suggest that host affinity is mediated by leaf chemistry, and that protection may be mediated by direct interactions of endophytes with foliar pathogens. Together, these data demonstrate the capacity of diverse, horizontally transmitted endophytes of woody angiosperms to play an important but previously unappreciated role in host defense.
ISSN	00278424
e-ISSN	10916490
Journal	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Issue Number	26
Volume Number	100
Language	English
Publisher	National Academy of Sciences
Publisher Date	2003-12-01
Publisher Place	United States
Access Restriction	Open
Subject Keyword	Ascomycota Isolation & Purification Cacao Microbiology Classification Panama Tropical Climate Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Multidisciplinary
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Multidisciplinary

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