NDLI: Assembly of nonnative floras along elevational gradients explained by directional ecological filtering.

Content Provider	World Health Organization (WHO)-Global Index Medicus
Author	Alexander, Jake M. Kueffer, Christoph Seipel, Tim Pauchard, Aníbal Daehler, Curtis C. Edwards, Peter J.
Organization	MIREN Consortium
Spatial Coverage	Oregon
Description	Author Affiliation: Alexander JM ( Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zurich), CH-8092 Zürich, Switzerland. jake.alexander@env.ethz.ch);
Abstract	Nonnative species richness typically declines along environmental gradients such as elevation. It is usually assumed that this is because few invaders possess the necessary adaptations to succeed under extreme environmental conditions. Here, we show that nonnative plants reaching high elevations around the world are not highly specialized stress tolerators but species with broad climatic tolerances capable of growing across a wide elevational range. These results contrast with patterns for native species, and they can be explained by the unidirectional expansion of nonnative species from anthropogenic sources at low elevations and the progressive dropping out of species with narrow elevational amplitudes--a process that we call directional ecological filtering. Independent data confirm that climatic generalists have succeeded in colonizing the more extreme environments at higher elevations. These results suggest that invasion resistance is not conferred by extreme conditions at a particular site but determined by pathways of introduction of nonnative species. In the future, increased direct introduction of nonnative species with specialized ecophysiological adaptations to mountain environments could increase the risk of invasion. As well as providing a general explanation for gradients of nonnative species richness and the importance of traits such as phenotypic plasticity for many invasive species, the concept of directional ecological filtering is useful for understanding the initial assembly of some native floras at high elevations and latitudes.
ISSN	00278424
e-ISSN	10916490
Journal	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Issue Number	2
Volume Number	108
Language	English
Publisher	National Academy of Sciences
Publisher Date	2011-01-01
Publisher Place	United States
Access Restriction	Open
Subject Keyword	Ecology Plant Physiological Phenomena Population Dynamics Chile Climate Conservation Of Natural Resources Ecosystem Geography Montana Oregon Plants Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Multidisciplinary
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Multidisciplinary

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