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| Content Provider | World Health Organization (WHO)-Global Index Medicus |
|---|---|
| Author | Zimmermann, Elizabeth A. Ritchie, Robert O. |
| Description | Country affiliation: Germany Author Affiliation: Zimmermann EA ( University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 22529, Hamburg, Germany.); Ritchie RO ( Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.) |
| Abstract | As one of the most important natural materials, cortical bone is a composite material comprising assemblies of tropocollagen molecules and nanoscale hydroxyapatite mineral crystals, forming an extremely tough, yet lightweight, adaptive and multi-functional material. Bone has evolved to provide structural support to organisms, and therefore its mechanical properties are vital physiologically. Like many mineralized tissues, bone can resist deformation and fracture from the nature of its hierarchical structure, which spans molecular to macroscopic length-scales. In fact, bone derives its fracture resistance with a multitude of deformation and toughening mechanisms that are active at most of these dimensions. It is shown that bone's strength and ductility originate primarily at the scale of the nano to submicrometer structure of its mineralized collagen fibrils and fibers, whereas bone toughness is additionally generated at much larger, micro- to near-millimeter, scales from crack-tip shielding associated with interactions between the crack path and the microstructure. It is further shown how the effectiveness with which bone's structural features can resist fracture at small to large length-scales can become degraded by biological factors such as aging and disease, which affect such features as the collagen cross-linking environment, the homogeneity of mineralization, and the density of the osteonal structures. |
| File Format | HTM / HTML |
| ISSN | 21922640 |
| Issue Number | 9 |
| Volume Number | 4 |
| e-ISSN | 21922659 |
| Journal | Advanced Healthcare Materials |
| Language | English |
| Publisher | Wiley-VCH |
| Publisher Date | 2015-06-24 |
| Publisher Place | Germany |
| Access Restriction | One Nation One Subscription (ONOS) |
| Subject Keyword | Discipline Biomedical Engineering Aging Bone And Bones Calcification, Physiologic Extracellular Matrix Fractures, Bone Metabolism Pathology Animals Ultrastructure Collagen Humans Journal Article Research Support, Non-u.s. Gov't Research Support, U.s. Gov't, Non-p.h.s. Review |
| Content Type | Text |
| Resource Type | Article |
| Subject | Biomaterials Biomedical Engineering Pharmaceutical Science |
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