NDLI: An introduction to parasitic wasps of Drosophila and the antiparasite immune response.

Please wait, while we are loading the content...

Year: 2012 Issue: 70

Year: 2012 Issue: 69

Year: 2012 Issue: 68

Year: 2012 Issue: 67

Year: 2012 Issue: 66

Year: 2012 Issue: 65

Year: 2012 Issue: 64

Year: 2012 Issue: 63

Expanding cytotoxic T lymphocytes from umbilical cord blood that target cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and adenovirus.

Correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) as a tool to visualize microinjected molecules and their eukaryotic sub-cellular targets.

A fully automated and highly versatile system for testing multi-cognitive functions and recording neuronal activities in rodents.

Progressive-ratio responding for palatable high-fat and high-sugar food in mice.

Quantification of atherosclerotic plaque activity and vascular inflammation using [18-F] fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT).

Chemically-blocked antibody microarray for multiplexed high-throughput profiling of specific protein glycosylation in complex samples.

Attaching biological probes to silica optical biosensors using silane coupling agents.

Electroantennographic bioassay as a screening tool for host plant volatiles.

Monitoring the wall mechanics during stent deployment in a vessel.

Visualization of cortex organization and dynamics in microorganisms, using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy.

Detection of viral RNA by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH).

Induction of adhesion-dependent signals using low-intensity ultrasound.

A simplified technique for producing an ischemic wound model.

An introduction to parasitic wasps of Drosophila and the antiparasite immune response.

Aseptic laboratory techniques: plating methods.

Absolute quantum yield measurement of powder samples.

MPI CyberMotion Simulator: implementation of a novel motion simulator to investigate multisensory path integration in three dimensions.

Quantitative Analysis of Random Migration of Cells Using Time-lapse Video Microscopy

Human internal mammary artery (IMA) transplantation and stenting: a human model to study the development of in-stent restenosis.

High-resolution functional magnetic resonance imaging methods for human midbrain.

Murine model of allergen induced asthma.

Do-It-Yourself device for recovery of cryopreserved samples accidentally dropped into cryogenic storage tanks.

A murine model of muscle training by neuromuscular electrical stimulation.

Directed differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells towards T lymphocytes.

Solid phase synthesis of a functionalized bis-peptide using 'safety catch' methodology.

Electricity-free, sequential nucleic acid and protein isolation.

Murine superficial lymph node surgery.

Methods for study of neuronal morphogenesis: ex vivo RNAi electroporation in embryonic murine cerebral cortex.

Isolation and culture of human fungiform taste papillae cells.

GC-based detection of aldononitrile acetate derivatized glucosamine and muramic acid for microbial residue determination in soil.

Rapid determination of the thermal nociceptive threshold in diabetic rats.

Local and global methods of assessing thermal nociception in Drosophila larvae.

MicroRNA detection in prostate tumors by quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR).

Rat mesentery exteriorization: a model for investigating the cellular dynamics involved in angiogenesis.

The -test: rapid cell-free CD4 enumeration using whole saliva.

Isolation and characterization of dendritic cells and macrophages from the mouse intestine.

Use of human perivascular stem cells for bone regeneration.

Mapping molecular diffusion in the plasma membrane by Multiple-Target Tracing (MTT).

Blood collection for biochemical analysis in adult zebrafish.

Engineering a bilayered hydrogel to control ASC differentiation.

Isolation and culture of rat embryonic neural cells: a quick protocol.

Polymerase chain reaction: basic protocol plus troubleshooting and optimization strategies.

Production of lentiviral vectors for transducing cells from the central nervous system.

Collection protocol for human pancreas.

Measuring cell cycle progression kinetics with metabolic labeling and flow cytometry.

Staining protocols for human pancreatic islets.

Year: 2012 Issue: 62

Year: 2012 Issue: 61

Year: 2012 Issue: 60

Year: 2012 Issue: 59

An introduction to parasitic wasps of Drosophila and the antiparasite immune response.

Content Provider	World Health Organization (WHO)-Global Index Medicus
Author	Small, Chiyedza Paddibhatla, Indira Rajwani, Roma Govind, Shubha
Description	Country affiliation: United States Author Affiliation: Small C ( Biology Department, The City College of New York, CUNY, USA.)
Abstract	Most known parasitoid wasp species attack the larval or pupal stages of Drosophila. While Trichopria drosophilae infect the pupal stages of the host (Fig. 1A-C), females of the genus Leptopilina (Fig. 1D, 1F, 1G) and Ganaspis (Fig. 1E) attack the larval stages. We use these parasites to study the molecular basis of a biological arms race. Parasitic wasps have tremendous value as biocontrol agents. Most of them carry virulence and other factors that modify host physiology and immunity. Analysis of Drosophila wasps is providing insights into how species-specific interactions shape the genetic structures of natural communities. These studies also serve as a model for understanding the hosts' immune physiology and how coordinated immune reactions are thwarted by this class of parasites. The larval/pupal cuticle serves as the first line of defense. The wasp ovipositor is a sharp needle-like structure that efficiently delivers eggs into the host hemocoel. Oviposition is followed by a wound healing reaction at the cuticle (Fig. 1C, arrowheads). Some wasps can insert two or more eggs into the same host, although the development of only one egg succeeds. Supernumerary eggs or developing larvae are eliminated by a process that is not yet understood. These wasps are therefore referred to as solitary parasitoids. Depending on the fly strain and the wasp species, the wasp egg has one of two fates. It is either encapsulated, so that its development is blocked (host emerges; Fig. 2 left); or the wasp egg hatches, develops, molts, and grows into an adult (wasp emerges; Fig. 2 right). L. heterotoma is one of the best-studied species of Drosophila parasitic wasps. It is a 'generalist,' which means that it can utilize most Drosophila species as hosts. L. heterotoma and L. victoriae are sister species and they produce virus-like particles that actively interfere with the encapsulation response. Unlike L. heterotoma, L. boulardi is a specialist parasite and the range of Drosophila species it utilizes is relatively limited. Strains of L. boulardi also produce virus-like particles although they differ significantly in their ability to succeed on D. melanogaster. Some of these L. boulardi strains are difficult to grow on D. melanogaster as the fly host frequently succeeds in encapsulating their eggs. Thus, it is important to have the knowledge of both partners in specific experimental protocols. In addition to barrier tissues (cuticle, gut and trachea), Drosophila larvae have systemic cellular and humoral immune responses that arise from functions of blood cells and the fat body, respectively. Oviposition by L. boulardi activates both immune arms. Blood cells are found in circulation, in sessile populations under the segmented cuticle, and in the lymph gland. The lymph gland is a small hematopoietic organ on the dorsal side of the larva. Clusters of hematopoietic cells, called lobes, are arranged segmentally in pairs along the dorsal vessel that runs along the anterior-posterior axis of the animal (Fig. 3A). The fat body is a large multifunctional organ (Fig. 3B). It secretes antimicrobial peptides in response to microbial and metazoan infections. Wasp infection activates immune signaling (Fig. 4). At the cellular level, it triggers division and differentiation of blood cells. In self defense, aggregates and capsules develop in the hemocoel of infected animals (Fig. 5). Activated blood cells migrate toward the wasp egg (or wasp larva) and begin to form a capsule around it (Fig. 5A-F). Some blood cells aggregate to form nodules (Fig. 5G-H). Careful analysis reveals that wasp infection induces the anterior-most lymph gland lobes to disperse at their peripheries (Fig. 6C, D). We present representative data with Toll signal transduction pathway components Dorsal and Spätzle (Figs. 4,5,7), and its target Drosomycin (Fig. 6), to illustrate how specific changes in the lymph gland and hemocoel can be studied after wasp infection. The dissection protocols described here also yield the wasp eggs (or developing stages of wasps) from the host hemolymph (Fig. 8).
File Format	HTM / HTML
e-ISSN	1940087X
DOI	10.3791/3347
Journal	Journal of Visualized Experiments
Issue Number	63
Language	English
Publisher	MyJove Corp.
Publisher Date	2012-05-07
Publisher Place	United States
Access Restriction	Open
Subject Keyword	Discipline Physical Sciences Discipline Life Sciences Discipline Medicine Drosophila Immunology Parasitology Wasps Animals Host-parasite Interactions Research Support, N.i.h., Extramural Research Support, Non-u.s. Gov't Research Support, U.s. Gov't, Non-p.h.s. Video-audio Media
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article

Central Library (ISO-9001:2015 Certified)
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur
Kharagpur, West Bengal, India | PIN - 721302

See location in the Map
03222 282435
Mail: support@ndl.gov.in

Sl.	Authority	Responsibilities	Communication Details
1	Ministry of Education (GoI), Department of Higher Education	Sanctioning Authority	https://www.education.gov.in/ict-initiatives
2	Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur	Host Institute of the Project: The host institute of the project is responsible for providing infrastructure support and hosting the project	https://www.iitkgp.ac.in
3	National Digital Library of India Office, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur	The administrative and infrastructural headquarters of the project	Dr. B. Sutradhar bsutra@ndl.gov.in
4	Project PI / Joint PI	Principal Investigator and Joint Principal Investigators of the project	Dr. B. Sutradhar bsutra@ndl.gov.in Prof. Saswat Chakrabarti will be added soon
5	Website/Portal (Helpdesk)	Queries regarding NDLI and its services	support@ndl.gov.in
6	Contents and Copyright Issues	Queries related to content curation and copyright issues	content@ndl.gov.in
7	National Digital Library of India Club (NDLI Club)	Queries related to NDLI Club formation, support, user awareness program, seminar/symposium, collaboration, social media, promotion, and outreach	clubsupport@ndl.gov.in
8	Digital Preservation Centre (DPC)	Assistance with digitizing and archiving copyright-free printed books	dpc@ndl.gov.in
9	IDR Setup or Support	Queries related to establishment and support of Institutional Digital Repository (IDR) and IDR workshops	idr@ndl.gov.in