NDLI: Insights into the demographic history of Asia from common ancestry and admixture in the genomic landscape of present-day Austroasiatic speakers

Content Provider	Springer Nature : BioMed Central
Author	Tagore, Debashree Aghakhanian, Farhang Naidu, Rakesh Phipps, Maude E. Basu, Analabha
Abstract	Background The demographic history of South and Southeast Asia (S&SEA) is complex and contentious, with multiple waves of human migration. Some of the earliest footfalls were of the ancestors of modern Austroasiatic (AA) language speakers. Understanding the history of the AA language family, comprising of over 150 languages and their speakers distributed across broad geographical region in isolated small populations of various sizes, can help shed light on the peopling of S&SEA. Here we investigated the genetic relatedness of two AA groups, their relationship with other ethno-linguistically distinct populations, and the relationship of these groups with ancient genomes of individuals living in S&SEA at different time periods, to infer about the demographic history of this region. Results We analyzed 1451 extant genomes, 189 AAs from India and Malaysia, and 43 ancient genomes from S&SEA. Population structure analysis reveals neither language nor geography appropriately correlates with genetic diversity. The inconsistency between “language and genetics” or “geography and genetics” can largely be attributed to ancient admixture with East Asian populations. We estimated a pre-Neolithic origin of AA language speakers, with shared ancestry between Indian and Malaysian populations until about 470 generations ago, contesting the existing model of Neolithic expansion of the AA culture. We observed a spatio-temporal transition in the genetic ancestry of SEA with genetic contribution from East Asia significantly increasing in the post-Neolithic period. Conclusion Our study shows that contrary to assumptions in many previous studies and despite having linguistic commonality, Indian AAs have a distinct genomic structure compared to Malaysian AAs. This linguistic-genetic discordance is reflective of the complex history of population migration and admixture shaping the genomic landscape of S&SEA. We postulate that pre-Neolithic ancestors of today’s AAs were widespread in S&SEA, and the fragmentation and dissipation of the population have largely been a resultant of multiple migrations of East Asian farmers during the Neolithic period. It also highlights the resilience of AAs in continuing to speak their language in spite of checkered population distribution and possible dominance from other linguistic groups.
Related Links	https://bmcbiol.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12915-021-00981-x.pdf
Ending Page	19
Page Count	19
Starting Page	1
File Format	HTM / HTML
ISSN	17417007
DOI	10.1186/s12915-021-00981-x
Journal	BMC Biology
Issue Number	1
Volume Number	19
Language	English
Publisher	BioMed Central
Publisher Date	2021-03-29
Access Restriction	Open
Subject Keyword	Life Sciences Austroasiatic Linguistic group Genetic ancestry Admixture Migration Ancient DNA
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics Structural Biology Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology Plant Science Biotechnology Physiology Agricultural and Biological Sciences Cell Biology Developmental Biology
Journal Impact Factor	4.4/2023
5-Year Journal Impact Factor	5.4/2023

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1	Ministry of Education (GoI), Department of Higher Education	Sanctioning Authority	https://www.education.gov.in/ict-initiatives
2	Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur	Host Institute of the Project: The host institute of the project is responsible for providing infrastructure support and hosting the project	https://www.iitkgp.ac.in
3	National Digital Library of India Office, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur	The administrative and infrastructural headquarters of the project	Dr. B. Sutradhar bsutra@ndl.gov.in
4	Project PI / Joint PI	Principal Investigator and Joint Principal Investigators of the project	Dr. B. Sutradhar bsutra@ndl.gov.in Prof. Saswat Chakrabarti will be added soon
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