NDLI: A novel computer-assisted tool for 3D imaging of programmed death-ligand 1 expression in immunofluorescence-stained and optically cleared breast cancer specimens

Content Provider	Springer Nature : BioMed Central
Author	Lee, Yi-Hsuan Huang, Chung-Yen Hsieh, Yu-Han Yang, Chia-Hung Hung, Yu-Ling Chen, Yung-An Lin, Yu-Chieh Lin, Ching-Hung Lee, Jih-Hsiang Wang, Ming-Yang Kuo, Wen-Hung Lin, Yen-Yin Lu, Yen-Shen
Abstract	Background Programmed death-1 (PD-1) and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) are the two most common immune checkpoints targeted in triple-negative breast cancer (BC). Refining patient selection for immunotherapy is non-trivial and finding an appropriate digital pathology framework for spatial analysis of theranostic biomarkers for PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors remains an unmet clinical need. Methods We describe a novel computer-assisted tool for three-dimensional (3D) imaging of PD-L1 expression in immunofluorescence-stained and optically cleared BC specimens (n = 20). The proposed 3D framework appeared to be feasible and showed a high overall agreement with traditional, clinical-grade two-dimensional (2D) staining techniques. Additionally, the results obtained for automated immune cell detection and analysis of PD-L1 expression were satisfactory. Results The spatial distribution of PD-L1 expression was heterogeneous across various BC tissue layers in the 3D space. Notably, there were six cases (30%) wherein PD-L1 expression levels along different layers crossed the 1% threshold for admitting patients to PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors. The average PD-L1 expression in 3D space was different from that of traditional immunohistochemistry (IHC) in eight cases (40%). Pending further standardization and optimization, we expect that our technology will become a valuable addition for assessing PD-L1 expression in patients with BC. Conclusion Via a single round of immunofluorescence imaging, our approach may provide a considerable improvement in patient stratification for cancer immunotherapy as compared with standard techniques.
Related Links	https://bmccancer.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12885-023-11748-8.pdf
Ending Page	11
Page Count	11
Starting Page	1
File Format	HTM / HTML
ISSN	14712407
DOI	10.1186/s12885-023-11748-8
Journal	BMC Cancer
Issue Number	1
Volume Number	24
Language	English
Publisher	BioMed Central
Publisher Date	2024-01-24
Access Restriction	Open
Subject Keyword	Cancer Research Oncology Surgical Oncology Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Biomedicine Medicine Public Health Breast cancer Immunofluorescence staining Optical clearing Programmed death-ligand 1 Three-dimensional imaging Medicine/Public Health
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Cancer Research Oncology Genetics
Journal Impact Factor	3.4/2023
5-Year Journal Impact Factor	3.8/2023

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