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  1. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations
  2. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations : Volume 23
  3. Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations : Volume 23, Issue 2, June 2012
  4. An Examination of ‘Irregular Competition’ between Corporations and NGOs
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Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations : Volume 28
Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations : Volume 27
Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations : Volume 26
Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations : Volume 25
Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations : Volume 24
Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations : Volume 23
Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations : Volume 23, Issue 4, December 2012
Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations : Volume 23, Issue 3, September 2012
Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations : Volume 23, Issue 2, June 2012
Non-Profit Organizations in Mental Health: Their Roles as seen in Research
Transnational Activism and Free Trade. Exploring the Emancipatory Potentials of Global Civil Society
An Analysis of State–Civil Society Relations in Finland: A Case of Joensuu
Financial Planners and Philanthropic Planning
An Examination of ‘Irregular Competition’ between Corporations and NGOs
Dispensing Charity: The Deficiencies of an All-or-Nothing Fiscal Concept
Segmentation and Communications to Solve the Blood Shortage: An Exploration of the Problem with Recommendations
Non-Governmental and Not-for-Profit Organizational Effectiveness: A Modern Synthesis
At the Eve of Convergence? Transformations of Social Service Provision in Denmark, Germany, and the United States
Comment on: At the Eve of Convergence? Transformations of Social Service Provision in Denmark, Germany and the United States
At the Eve of Convergence? Transformation of Social Service Provisions in Denmark, Germany and the United States : Commentary by Kirsten A. Grønbjerg, School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University Bloomington. November 5, 2011
Convergence of Welfare Reforms in Social Services
Ola Segnestam Larsson: Standardizing Civil Society: Interpreting Organizational Development in the Tension Between Instrumentalism and Expressivism : Santérus Academic Press, Stockholm, 2011, 280 pp., 319kr (paperback)
Yuwen Li (ed): NGOs in China and Europe: Comparisons and Contrasts : Ashgate, Farnham; Burlington, VT, 2011, 340
David Billis (ed): Hybrid Organizations and the Third Sector: Challenges for Practice, Theory and Policy : Palgrave Macmillan, London, 2010, 256
Mark Sidel: Regulation of the Voluntary Sector: Freedom and Security in an Era of Uncertainty : Routledge, Abingdon, 2010, 168 pp., references, index, £19.99 (paperback) £75.00 (hardback)
Betty Stallings, Susan J. Ellis: Leading the Way to Successful Volunteer Involvement: Practical Tools for Busy Executives : Energize, Philadelphia, 2010, 226
Anne-Meike Fechter and Heather Hindman (eds): Inside the Everyday Lives of Development Workers. The Challenges and Futures of Aidland : Kumarian Press, Sterling, VA, 2011, 224
Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations : Volume 23, Issue 1, March 2012
Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations : Volume 22
Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations : Volume 21
Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations : Volume 20
Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations : Volume 19
Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations : Volume 18
Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations : Volume 17
Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations : Volume 16
Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations : Volume 15
Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations : Volume 14
Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations : Volume 13
Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations : Volume 12
Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations : Volume 11
Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations : Volume 10
Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations : Volume 9
Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations : Volume 8

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An Examination of ‘Irregular Competition’ between Corporations and NGOs

Content Provider Springer Nature Link
Author Marshall, Alasdair Telofski, Richard Ojiako, Udechukwu Chipulu, Maxwell
Copyright Year 2011
Abstract The purpose of this article is to develop a theory which frames the demands of civil society in such a way as to better enable corporate subjects to manage and navigate ‘irregular’ engagement from activist organizations. Activist NGOs engage in advocacy at times by mounting, facilitating or encouraging popular social campaigns and actions against targeted corporations. In many cases, radical ‘direct action’ tactics are adopted, taking such approaches, NGOs may capitalise on the broader, more ethically diverse strategic possibilities open to them than are available to their corporate adversaries. We employ institutional theory to map out this asymmetric distribution of strategic possibility. We theorise NGOs and corporate subjects as effectively ‘competing’ with one another to maximise their own strategic possibilities and to minimise those of their opponents, in the perennial battle for hearts and minds that plays out between NGOs, corporate subjects, and broader civil society actors who ultimately determine boundary rules for NGO-corporate conflict. Within this context we explore the normative challenge arising from the possibility that corporate subjects might seek to tip the competitive balance by learning from how the military has adapted to successfully engage with ‘irregular’ adversaries through what is often termed ‘asymmetric’ or ‘irregular’ warfare. Should corporations follow a similar adaptive process, by mirroring the ‘irregular’ strategies of activist groups? Drawing evidence from the military experience, we suggest—perhaps counter intuitively—that such adaptations can create new opportunities for conflict resolution and for building sustainable cooperation between former adversaries.L’objet de cet article est de développer une théorie formulant les exigences de la société civile d’une manière visant à mieux habiliter les entreprises à gérer et faire face à l’engagement « irrégulier » des organisations activistes. Les ONG militantes s’impliquent parfois dans des initiatives de défense en organisant, facilitant ou encourageant des campagnes et actions sociales populaires à l’encontre d’entreprises ciblées. Dans bien des cas, des tactiques radicales « d’action directe » sont adoptées. En adoptant ces approches, les ONG peuvent tirer profit des possibilités s’ouvrant à elles et qui sont plus vastes, plus diversifiées d’un point de vue éthique que celles à la disposition de leurs adversaires entreprises. Nous recourons à la théorie institutionnelle pour définir cette distribution asymétrique des possibilités stratégiques. Notre théorie est que les ONG et les entreprises entrent de fait « en concurrence » les unes avec les autres afin de maximiser leurs propres possibilités stratégiques et de minimiser celles de leurs opposants, dans le cadre d’une bataille perpétuelle pour gagner les autres à leur cause, qui se joue entre les ONG, les entreprises et les acteurs d’une société civile plus vaste qui en définitive définissent les règles délimitant le conflit ONG-entreprises. Nous explorons dans ce contexte le défi normatif qui découle de la possibilité que les entreprises puissent chercher à peser sur l’équilibre concurrentiel en intégrant la manière dont l’armée s’est adaptée avec succès à l’affrontement d’adversaires « irréguliers » grâce à ce qui est souvent désigné sous l’appellation de guerre « asymétrique » ou « irrégulière » . Les entreprises doivent-elle adopter un processus d’adaptation similaire, en reproduisant les stratégies « irrégulières » des groupes militants ? Nous fondant sur des éléments tirés de l’expérience militaire, nous suggérons, peut-être de manière contre-intuitive, que de telles adaptations peuvent créer des possibilités nouvelles de résolution de conflit et favorables à la mise en place d’une coopération durable entre les anciens adversaires.Zweck dieses Beitrags ist die Entwicklung einer Theorie, die die Forderungen der Bürgergesellschaft in einer Weise formuliert, die Unternehmen eine bessere Handhabung und Steuerung „irregulärer“Aktivitäten seitens aktivistischer Organisationen ermöglicht. Aktivistische nicht-staatliche Organisationen werden beizeiten zu Interessensvertretern, indem sie an populären Sozialkampagnen und Aktionen gegen gezielte Unternehmen teilnehmen, diese ermöglichen oder dazu aufrufen. In vielen Fällen werden radikale Taktiken für „direkte Aktionen“angewandt. Durch dieses Vorgehen können nicht-staatliche Organisationen von den ihnen zur Verfügung stehenden Möglichkeiten kapitalisieren, welche umfangreicher und ethisch diverser sind als die ihrer korporativen Gegenstücke. Wir wenden die Institutionentheorie an, um diese asymmetrische Verteilung strategischer Möglichkeiten darzustellen. Wir gehen theroretisch davon aus, dass im stetigen Kampf um Köpfe und Herzen, der zwischen den nicht-staatlichen Organisationen, Unternehmen und Akteuren der breiteren Bürgergesellschaft, die letztendlich die Grenzregeln für den Konflikt zwischen nicht-staatlichen Organisationen und Unternehmen festlegen, ausgetragen wird, nicht-staatliche Organisationen und Unternehmen effektiv „miteinander konkurrieren“, um ihre eigenen strategischen Möglichkeiten zu maximieren und die ihrer Konkurrenten zu minimieren. In diesem Zusammenhang untersuchen wir das normative Problem, das sich stellt, wenn Unternehmen möglicherweise versuchen, das Konkurrenzgleichgewicht zu kippen, indem sie auf die Maßnahmen des Militärs zurückgreifen, das sich anpasst, um erfolgreich gegen „irreguläre“Gegner mittels einer Kriegsführung, die oftmals als „asymmetrisch“oder „irregulär“bezeichnet wird, vorzugehen. Sollten Unternehmen ein ähnliches anpassungsfähiges Verfahren anwenden, indem sie die „irregulären“Strategien aktivistischer Gruppen widerspiegeln? Beruhend auf der Erfahrung aus dem Militärbereich behaupten wir—vielleicht entgegen der Intuition—dass derartige Anpassungen neue Möglichkeiten für die Lösung von Konflikten und die Entwicklung nachhaltiger Zusammenarbeit zwischen ehemaligen Gegnern schaffen können.El propósito de este documento es desarrollar una teoría que enmarque las demandas de la sociedad civil de forma que permita a los sujetos corporativos gestionar mejor y navegar por el compromiso “irregular” de las organizaciones activistas. Las ONGs (organizaciones no gubernamentales) activistas se dedican, a veces, a labores de defensa, para organizar, facilitar o alentar campañas y acciones sociales populares contra las corporaciones objetivo. En muchos casos, se adoptan tácticas radicales de “acción directa”. Asumiendo dichos enfoques, las ONGs pueden capitalizar las posibilidades estratégicas más amplias y más diversas éticamente a su disposición que las que están disponibles para sus adversarios corporativos. Empleamos la teoría institucional para identificar esta distribución asimétrica de posibilidad estratégica. Especulamos en el sentido de que las ONGs y los sujetos corporativos “compiten” de manera efectiva mutuamente para maximizar sus propias posibilidades estratégicas y para minimizar las de sus oponentes, en la lucha perenne por corazones y mentes que se desarrolla entre ONGs, sujetos corporativos yctores de la sociedad civil más amplia que determinan finalmente las reglas límite del conflicto corporativo-ONG. Dentro de este contexto, exploramos el reto normativo que surge de la posibilidad de que los sujetos corporativos puedan tratar de inclinar la balanza competitiva aprendiendo cómo lo militar se ha adaptado para hacer frente con éxito a adversarios “irregulares”” mediante lo que se denomina a menudo una guerra “asimétrica” o “irregular”. ¿Deben seguir las corporaciones un proceso adaptativo similar, reflejando las estrategias “irregulares” de los grupos activistas? Extrayendo pruebas de la experiencia militar, sugerimos—quizás contra intuitivamente—que dichas adaptaciones pueden crear nuevas oportunidades de resolución de conflictos y de creación de cooperación duradera entre antiguos adversarios.本文旨在设计一种理论,以便对公民社会的需求加以适当的界定,让企业主体能够更好地管理和应对激进组织发起的“不守规矩”的战争。激进的非政府组织时常发起、推动或鼓励以企业为打击对象的群众性社会运动和行动,以此阐明自己的主张。很多时候,非政府组织会采取激进的“直接行动”战术,以获得和利用比敌对企业更广泛、更具道德多样性的战略选项。我们利用制度理论,绘制出战略选项的这种非对称分布。根据我们的理论,这是一场永不止歇的心智之战,交战双方为非政府组织和企业主体,还包括最终为冲突双方划定边界规则的更广泛的公民社会参与者。在此过程中,非政府组织和企业主体相互“争斗”,为自己争取尽可能多的战略选项,尽可能减少对手的战略选项。在这个大背景下,我们探讨了一个标准难题,即企业主体如何向军队学习灵活应变,在常常称之为“非对称”或“非常规”战争中击败“不守规矩”的对手,以打破势均力敌的局面。企业该不该采取类似的灵活应变措施,模仿激进团体的“不守规矩”的战略?根据军事经验,我们的结论可能有点违反直觉——这样的灵活应变能为解决冲突创造新的契机,让原本敌对的双方建立可持续的合作关系。本論文の目的は、法人の対象者が活動団体の「不規則な」雇用を管理して運営できるように、市民社会が要求する理論を展開することである。NGOの活動家は対象となる企業に対して、ポピュラーな社会的なキャンペーンと活動を開始して、促進するか奨励することで支援を行う。多くの場合、基本的な「直接行動」戦術が採用されている。そのようなアプローチを取ることで、NGOは法人の対立者にもなりえるよりも、自分たちに開かれた倫理的で多様な戦略の可能性を広範囲に資本化する場合がある。そこで戦略の可能性を持つ非対称的な分配を計画する制度上の理論を用いる。自己の戦略の可能性を最大にして、相手の可能性を最小とさせるように、事実上互いに「競争」するように、NGOと法人の対象者を理論づけが、NGO、法人の対象、最終的にNGO法人の闘争における境界規則を決定するようなより広域な市民社会の主体において展開される永続的な議論がある。この文脈の中で、法人の対象が「不規則な」対立者と交戦するためにどのように適合させるか、そしてしばしば何が「非対称」もしくは「不規則な」戦争と称されるかを学ぶことによって、競争力があるバランスを覆す可能性が生じる標準的な問題について調査する。活動家グループの「不規則な」戦略を反映することによって、企業は同じ様な適応過程に従うべきだろうか。軍事経験の例証から推断すると、おそらく直観的には反対されるだろうが、そのような適応することで、前述の対立者との問題解決と持続可能な協力を組み込む新しい機会を形成することができる。الغرض من هذا البحث هو وضع نظرية تحدد مطالب المجتمع المدني بطريقة أفضل لتمكين الشركات من إدارة وقيادة إشراك “ غير نظامي” من المنظمات الناشطة. تشترك المنظمات الغير حكومية(NGOs) الناشطة في مجال الدعوة في بعض الأحيان عن طريق تسلق وتسهيل أو تشجيع حملات شعبية وإجتماعية و إجراءات ضد الشركات المستهدفة. في كثير من الحالات ، يتم إعتماد خطط “العمل المباشر” الراديكالي، بإتخاذ هذا النهج ، المنظمات الغير حكومية(NGOs) قد تستفيد على نطاق أوسع، إمكانيات إستراتيجية أكثر تنوعاً من الناحية الأخلاقية متاحة لهم مقارنة بما هو متاح لخصومهم من الشركات. نحن نوظف النظرية المؤسسية لرسم هذا التوزيع الغير المتساوي للإمكانية الإستراتيجية. نحن نحلل المنظمات غير الحكومية (NGOs) وموضوعات الشركات على نحو فعال “تتنافس” مع بعضها البعض لزيادة امكانياتهم الاستراتيجية للحد من تلك لخصومهم ، في معركة دائمة لكسب القلوب والعقول التي تلعب بها بين المنظمات غير الحكومية (NGOs)، وموضوعات الشركات ، والمجتمع المدني على نطاق أوسعالجهات الفاعلة التي تحدد في نهاية المطاف قواعد حدود المنظمات غير الحكومية (NGO) و صراع الشركات. ضمن هذا السياق نستكشف التحدي المعياري الناشئ عن احتمال أن موضوعات الشركات قد تسعى إلى ترجيح كفة التوازن التنافسي من خلال التعلم من الطريقة التي تكيفت مع الجيش الانخراط بنجاح مع خصوم “غيرنظاميين” من خلال ما يسمى غالبا الصراع “غير المتماثل” أو “غير النظامي”. هل ينبغي على الشركات تتبع عملية مماثلة على التكيف ، والتي تعكس “عدم انتظام” استراتيجيات الجماعات الناشطة؟ رسم الأدلة من خبرة عسكرية، فإننا نقترح – ربما عكس المتوقع بداهة - أن هذه التعديلات يمكن أن تخلق فرصاً جديدة لتسوية الصراعات وبناء تعاون مستدام بين الخصوم السابقين.
Starting Page 371
Ending Page 391
Page Count 21
File Format PDF
ISSN 09578765
Journal Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations
Volume Number 23
Issue Number 2
e-ISSN 15737888
Language English
Publisher Springer US
Publisher Date 2011-08-26
Publisher Place Boston
Access Restriction One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Subject Keyword Advocacy conflict Activist NGOs Private politics Social Policy Political Science Social Sciences
Content Type Text
Resource Type Article
Subject Public Administration Sociology and Political Science Geography, Planning and Development Business and International Management Strategy and Management
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