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| Content Provider | Springer Nature Link |
|---|---|
| Author | Carmichael, Calum M. |
| Copyright Year | 2011 |
| Abstract | In deciding the means, levels, and targets of taxation and spending across third-sector organizations, governments seeking to increase social welfare should use fiscal concepts and indicators that can detect and grade the welfare consequences of their decisions. On these terms, charity, as its meaning has originated and evolved in common law, is a deficient fiscal concept: it is neither teleological nor gradational, and therefore can offer no guidance on how to design and differentiate the fiscal treatment of third-sector organizations in ways that could increase social welfare. In general, the national governments of Australia, Canada, England and Wales, India, and Singapore treat uniformly the third-sector organizations whose purposes comply with the legal meaning of charity. In order to reform and differentiate that treatment with the prospect of increasing social welfare thereby, governments should start by dispensing with charity as a fiscal concept.En décidant des moyens, niveaux et objectifs de taxation et des dépenses à travers les organizations du secteur tertiaire, il serait opportun que les gouvernements qui entendent accroître l’aide sociale recourent à des concepts et indicateurs fiscaux susceptibles de détecter et d’évaluer les conséquences de leurs décisions dans ce domaine. Dans ce contexte, l’organization caritative, dont la signification trouve son origine et s’est élaborée dans le droit commun, est un concept fiscal déficient : il n’est pas plus téléologique que graduel, et ne peut par conséquent proposer aucune orientation sur la manière de concevoir et différencier le traitement fiscal des organizations du secteur tertiaire selon des voies pouvant accroître l’aide sociale. En général, les gouvernements nationaux d’Australie, du Canada, d’Angleterre et du Pays de Galles, de l’Inde, de Singapour accordent un traitement uniforme aux organizations du secteur tertiaire dont les objectifs sont conformes à la définition légale d’organization caritative. Afin de réformer et de différencier ce traitement dans l’objectif d’accroître de fait l’aide sociale, les gouvernements devraient commencer par écarter l’organization caritative en tant que concept fiscal.Bei der Entscheidung über die Maßnahmen, Höhe und Objekte für die Besteuerung und Ausgaben von Organizationen des dritten Sektors sollten Regierungen, die die Steigerung des gesellschaftlichen Gemeinwohls anstreben, Steuerkonzepte und -kennzeichen anwenden, anhand derer die Konsequenzen ihrer Entscheidungen für das Gemeinwohl erkannt und eingestuft werden können. Zu diesen Bedingungen ist die Wohltätigkeit im Sinne ihrer ursprünglichen und weiteren Bedeutung nach dem Common Law ein mangelhaftes Steuerkonzept: sie ist weder teleologisch noch einstufbar und kann daher keine Leitlinien dahingehend bieten, wie die steuerliche Behandlung von Organizationen des dritten Sektors gestaltet werden und sich differenzieren sollte, um das gesellschaftliche Gemeinwohl steigern zu können. Die Landesregierungen von Australien, Kanada, England und Wales, Indien und Singapur behandeln die Organizationen des dritten Sektors, deren Zwecke mit der rechtlichen Bedeutung der Wohltätigkeit übereinstimmen, generell einheitlich. Um diese Behandlung mit der Aussicht auf eine Steigerung des gesellschaftlichen Allgemeinwohls zu reformieren und zu differenzieren, sollten die Regierungen zunächst einmal davon absehen, die Wohltätigkeit als ein Steuerkonzept zu betrachten.Al decidir los medios, niveles y objetivos de imposición y gasto en las organizaciones del sector terciario, los gobiernos que tratan de aumentar el bienestar social deben utilizar conceptos e indicadores fiscales que puedan detectar y graduar las consecuencias de sus decisiones sobre el bienestar. En base a estos términos, las obras benéficas, según se ha originado y evolucionado su significado en el derecho consuetudinario, son un concepto fiscal deficiente. No es teológico ni gradual, y por consiguiente no puede ofrecer ninguna orientación sobre cómo diseñar y diferenciar el tratamiento fiscal de las organizaciones del sector terciario de modo que puedan aumentar el bienestar social. En general, los gobiernos nacionales de Australia, Canadá, Inglaterra y Gales, India y Singapur tratan de manera uniforme a las organizaciones del sector terciario cuyos propósitos cumplan con el significado legal de obras benéficas. Con el fin de reformar y diferenciar dicho tratamiento con vistas a aumentar el bienestar social a través del mismo, los gobiernos deben comenzar a prescindir de las obras benéficas como un concepto fiscal.在制订第三部门组织的的税务和支出的方法、水平和目标时,希望增进社会福利的政府应当使用财政概念和指标来评价其决策对社会福利的影响。在这些方面,由于慈善的含义来自于普通法并在普通法中演进,因此是一个有缺陷的财政概念:它既不符合目的论,也不符合渐进原则,无法为如何设计和区分第三部门组织的财政待遇提供指导,以便增进社会福利。总的来说,在澳大利亚、加拿大、英格兰和威尔士、印度和新加坡,凡是其目的符合慈善组织的法定含义的第三部门组织,各国政府均给予同等待遇。为了改革和区分这类待遇,以求增进社会福利,政府首先应当停止将慈善视为一个财政概念。社会福祉の増加を目指している政府は、第3セクターにおける課税と支出の方法、レベル、目的を決定して、決定された福祉についての結果を検出して、格付けする財政概念とインディケータを使用すべきである。これらの諸条件から、慣習法から由来して発展している慈善行為は、不十分な財政の概念を持つことになる。それは目的論的でも漸次的でもないため、社会福祉を増加させるために、第3セクターの財政処理をどのように構築して区別するかというガイダンスを提供することはできない。一般に、オーストラリア、カナダ、イギリス、ウェールズ、インド、シンガポールの中央政府は、一様に目的が慈善行為の法的意味に準拠した目的を有する第3セクターを扱う。結果として、社会福祉を増加させる可能性と待遇を改善して区分するためには、政府は財政の概念から慈善行為を省くべきである。 In deciding the means, levels, and targets of taxation and spending across third-sector organizations, governments seeking to increase social welfare should use fiscal concepts and indicators that can detect and grade the welfare consequences of their decisions. On these terms, charity, as its meaning has originated and evolved in common law, is a deficient fiscal concept: it is neither teleological nor gradational, and therefore can offer no guidance on how to design and differentiate the fiscal treatment of third-sector organizations in ways that could increase social welfare. In general, the national governments of Australia, Canada, England and Wales, India, and Singapore treat uniformly the third-sector organizations whose purposes comply with the legal meaning of charity. In order to reform and differentiate that treatment with the prospect of increasing social welfare thereby, governments should start by dispensing with charity as a fiscal concept.حين البت في الوسائل والمستويات ، والأهداف من الضرائب والإنفاق عبر مؤسسات القطاع الثالث، الحكومات التي تسعى إلى زيادة الرفاهية الاجتماعية يجب أن تستخدم المفاهيم المالية والمؤشرات التي يمكن أن تكتشف وتضع درجة لعواقب رفاهية قراراتهم. على هذه الشروط، العمل الخيري، معناه قد نشأ وتطور في القانون العام ، هو مفهوم مالي ناقص لا هو وسيلة لتفسير الظواهر ولا تدرج منهجي، وبالتالي لا يمكن أن تقدم توجيهات بشأن كيفية تصميم والتفريق بين المعاملة الضريبية لمؤسسات القطاع الثالث في السبل التي من شأنها زيادة الرفاهية الاجتماعية. بشكل عام، الحكومات الوطنية لاستراليا وكندا وانجلترا وويلز، والهند ، وسنغافورة تعامل بشكل موحد منظمات القطاع الثالث الذي تتوافق أغراضه مع المعنى القانوني للأعمال الخيرية. من أجل الإصلاح وتفرق تلك المعاملة مع احتمال زيادة الرفاهية الاجتماعية وبالتالي، يجب على الحكومات البدء بالاستغناء عن العمل الخيري كمفهوم مالي. |
| Starting Page | 392 |
| Ending Page | 414 |
| Page Count | 23 |
| File Format | |
| ISSN | 09578765 |
| Journal | Voluntas: International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations |
| Volume Number | 23 |
| Issue Number | 2 |
| e-ISSN | 15737888 |
| Language | English |
| Publisher | Springer US |
| Publisher Date | 2011-09-07 |
| Publisher Place | Boston |
| Access Restriction | One Nation One Subscription (ONOS) |
| Subject Keyword | Optimal taxation Tax expenditures Third-sector finance Legal charity Social Policy Political Science Social Sciences |
| Content Type | Text |
| Resource Type | Article |
| Subject | Public Administration Sociology and Political Science Geography, Planning and Development Business and International Management Strategy and Management |
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