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Delineation of capture zones for municipal wells in fractured dolomite, Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin, USA

Content Provider	Springer Nature Link
Author	Rayne, Todd W. Bradbury, Kenneth R. Muldoon, Maureen A.
Copyright Year	2001
Abstract	A wellhead protection study for the city of Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin, USA, demonstrates the necessity of combining detailed hydrostratigraphic analysis with groundwater modeling to delineate zones of contribution for municipal wells in a fractured dolomite aquifer. A numerical model (MODFLOW) was combined with a particle tracking code (MODPATH) to simulate the regional groundwater system and to delineate capture zones for municipal wells. The hydrostratigraphic model included vertical and horizontal fractures and high-permeability zones. Correlating stratigraphic interpretations with field data such as geophysical logs, packer tests, and fracture mapping resulted in the construction of a numerical model with five high-permeability zones related to bedding planes or facies changes. These zones serve as major conduits for horizontal groundwater flow. Dipping fracture zones were simulated as thin high-permeability layers. The locations of exposed bedrock and surficial karst features were used to identify areas of enhanced recharge. Model results show the vulnerability of the municipal wells to pollution. Capture zones for the wells extend several kilometers north and south from the city. Travel times from recharge areas to all wells were generally less than one year. The high seasonal variability of recharge in the study area made the use of a transient model necessary. Une étude pour la protection d'un champ captant pour la ville de Sturgeon Bay (Wisconsin, Etats-Unis) montre qu'il est nécessaire de combiner une analyse hydrostratigraphique détaillée avec une modélisation de la nappe pour définir les zones de contribution aux puits captés pour l'alimentation en potable (AEP) dans un aquifère dolomitique fracturé. Un modèle numérique (MODFLOW) a été combiné avec un code de suivi de particules (MODPATH) pour simuler le système aquifère régional et pour délimiter les zones de prélèvements concernées par les puits de l'AEP. Le modèle hydrostratigraphique comporte des fractures verticales et horizontales et des zones à forte perméabilité. Les interprétations stratigraphiques ont été corrélées avec les données de terrain telles que les logs géophysiques, les tests entre packers et la cartographie des fractures, de manière à construire un modèle numérique avec cinq zones à forte perméabilité liées à des plans de stratification ou à des variations de faciès. Ces zones constituent des conduits majeurs de l'écoulement horizontal des eaux souterraines. Les zones de fractures qui plongent ont été simulées comme des couches minces à forte perméabilité. La localisation des roches affleurantes et les phénomènes karstiques de surface ont été utilisés pour identifier les secteurs de recharge plus importante. Les résultats du modèle montrent la vulnérabilité des puits de l'AEP à la pollution. Les zones d'alimentation des puits s'étendent à plusieurs kilomètres au nord et au sud de la ville. Les temps de parcours depuis les zones de recharge vers tous les puits sont en général inférieurs à un an. La forte variabilité saisonnière de la recharge dans la région étudiée a rendu nécessaire l'utilisation d'un modèle en régime transitoire. Se ha elaborado un estudio de perímetros de protección en la ciudad de Sturgeon Bay (Wisconsin, Estados Unidos) que demuestra la necesidad de combinar análisis detallados hidroestratigráficos con modelos numéricos para delimitar las zonas que contribuyen a los pozos de producción municipal en un acuífero de dolomitas fracturadas. Se combinó un modelo numérico (MODFLOW) con un código de seguimiento de partículas (MODPATH) para simular el sistema regional de aguas subterráneas y para delimitar las áreas de captura de los pozos municipales. El modelo hidroestratigráfico incluía fracturas horizontales y verticales y zonas de alta permeabilidad. Mediante correlación de las interpretaciones estratigráficas con diversos datos de campo, tales como perfiles geofísicos, ensayos con obturadores y identificación de fracturas, se pudo construir un modelo numérico que incorporaba cinco zonas de alta permeabilidad relacionadas con planos de estratificación o cambios de facies. Estas zonas actuaban como conductos principales para el flujo horizontal de las aguas subterráneas. Se simuló las zonas de buzamiento de las fracturas como capas delgadas de alta permeabilidad. Se empleó la situación de los afloramientos de la roca encajante y las características de karstificación superficial para identificar las áreas de recarga preferencial. Los resultados del modelo han mostrado la vulnerabilidad de los pozos municipales frente a la contaminación. Las áreas de captura de dichos pozos se extienden varios kilómetros hacia el norte y el sur de la ciudad. Los tiempos de tránsito desde las áreas de recarga hasta los pozos son generalmente inferiores a un año. La elevada variabilidad estacional de la recarga en la zona de estudio hizo imprescindible la aplicación de un modelo transitorio.
Starting Page	432
Ending Page	450
Page Count	19
File Format	PDF
ISSN	14312174
Journal	Hydrogeology Journal
Volume Number	9
Issue Number	5
e-ISSN	14350157
Language	English
Publisher	Springer-Verlag
Publisher Date	2001-09-06
Publisher Institution	International Association of Hydrogeologists
Publisher Place	Berlin, Heidelberg
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Subject Keyword	Hydrogeology Hydrology/Water Resources Geology Waste Water Technology Water Pollution Control Water Management Aquatic Pollution
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Earth and Planetary Sciences Water Science and Technology

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