NDLI: Exchange and pathways of deep and shallow groundwater in different climate and permafrost conditions using the Forsmark site, Sweden, as an example catchment

Content Provider	Springer Nature Link
Author	Bosson, Emma Selroos, Jan Olof Stigsson, Martin Gustafsson, Lars Göran Destouni, Georgia
Copyright Year	2012
Abstract	This study simulates and quantifies the exchange and the pathways of deep and shallow groundwater flow and solute transport under different climate and permafrost conditions, considering the example field case of the coastal Forsmark catchment in Sweden. A number of simulation scenarios for different climate and permafrost condition combinations have been performed with the three-dimensional groundwater flow and transport model MIKE SHE. Results show generally decreasing vertical groundwater flow with depth, and smaller vertical flow under permafrost conditions than under unfrozen conditions. Also the overall pattern of both the vertical and the horizontal groundwater flow, and the water exchange between the deep and shallow groundwater systems, change dramatically in the presence of permafrost relative to unfrozen conditions. However, although the vertical groundwater flow decreases significantly in the presence of permafrost, there is still an exchange of water between the unfrozen groundwater system below the permafrost and the shallow groundwater in the active layer, via taliks. ‘Through taliks’ tend to prevail in areas that constitute groundwater discharge zones under unfrozen conditions, which then mostly shift to net recharge zones (through taliks with net downward flow) under permafrost conditions.Cette étude simule les cheminements et quantifie les échanges d’eau profonde, d’eau de surface et de soluté, dans différentes conditions climatiques et de pergélisol en considérant le cas du bassin versant côtier de Forsmark, en Suède. On a simulé un certain nombre de scénarios pour différentes combinaisons de climat et de pergélisol avec le modèle tridimensionnel d’écoulement de nappe souterraine et de transfert MIKE SHE. Les résultats montrent dans l’ensemble un débit vertical décroissant avec la profondeur, et plus petit dans les sols gelés que dans les sols non gelés. De même, le modèle global à la fois du flux vertical et du flux horizontal et les transferts entre les systèmes souterrains profond et peu profond changent spectaculairement en présence de pergélisol comparativement aux conditions du hors gel. Cependant, bien que le flux vertical décroisse sensiblement en présence de pergélisol, il y a encore un échange entre le système souterrain non gelé sous le pergélisol et la nappe superficielle productive via des taliks. Les taliks remontants tendent à prédominer dans les zones constituant des domaines de décharge de nappe en condition de hors gel qui évoluent en général en zones de recharge nette (par des taliks à flot descendant net) en condition de pergélisol.Este estudio simula y cuantifica el intercambio y la trayectoria del flujo de agua subterránea profunda y somera y el transporte de soluto bajo diferentes condiciones de climas y permafrost, considerando el ejemplo del caso de campo de la cuenca costera de Forsmark en Suecia. Se ha realizado la simulación de algunos escenarios para distintas combinaciones de condiciones de clima y permafrost con el modelo de transporte y flujo tridimensional MIKE SHE. Los resultados muestran generalmente un decrecimiento del flujo vertical de agua subterránea con la profundidad y un menor flujo vertical bajo condiciones de permafrost que bajos condiciones de no congelamiento. Asimismo, el esquema general del flujo subterráneo vertical y horizontal, y el intercambio de agua entre los sistemas de agua subterránea profundos y someros, cambian drásticamente en la presencia de un permafrost en relación a condiciones de no congelamiento. Sin embargo, aunque el flujo vertical de agua subterránea decrece significativamente en la presencia de permafrost, existe aún un intercambio entre el sistema de agua subterránea sin congelar por debajo del permafrost y la capa activa del agua subterránea somera, a través de los taliks. El proceso ‘a través de los taliks’ tiende a prevalecer en áreas que constituyen zonas de descarga de aguas subterráneas bajo condiciones de no congelamiento, las cuales mayormente se desplazan a zonas netas de recarga (a través de los taliks con un flujo neto descendente) bajo condiciones de permafrost.Este estudo simula e quantifica os percursos e trocas entre fluxos de água subterrânea profunda e subsuperficial e o transporte de solutos sob diferentes condições climáticas e de permafrost, considerando como exemplo de campo o caso da bacia costeira de Forsmark, na Suécia. Um número de cenários de simulação para diferentes combinações de condições climáticas e de permafrost foram admitidos e trabalhados com o fluxo tridimensional de águas subterrâneas e o modelo de transporte MIKE SHE. Os resultados mostram geralmente um decréscimo do fluxo vertical de águas subterrâneas com a profundidade, e um fluxo menor sob condições de permafrost em relação a condições de solo não congelado. Também o quadro geral de ambos os fluxos vertical e horizontal de água subterrânea, e a troca de água entre os sistemas profundo e subsuperficial, mudam drasticamente na presença de permafrost, em relação a condições de não congelação. No entanto, apesar do fluxo de água subterrânea vertical decrescer significativamente na presença de permafrost, ainda existe uma troca de água entre o sistema de água subterrânea líquida debaixo do permafrost e a água subterrânea subsuperficial na camada ativa, via taliks (volume de solo não congelado dentro do permafrost). ‘Taliks verdadeiros’ tendem a prevalecer em áreas que constituem zonas de descarga sob condições de não congelação, as quais tendem, na sua maioria, a readaptarem-se como zonas de recarga (através de taliks com fluxo bruto orientado para baixo) sob condições de permafrost.
Starting Page	225
Ending Page	237
Page Count	13
File Format	PDF
ISSN	14312174
Journal	Hydrogeology Journal
Volume Number	21
Issue Number	1
e-ISSN	14350157
Language	Portuguese
Publisher	Springer-Verlag
Publisher Date	2012-09-29
Publisher Institution	International Association of Hydrogeologists
Publisher Place	Berlin, Heidelberg
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Subject Keyword	Groundwater flow Numerical modelling Permafrost hydrology Climate change Hydrogeology Geology Waste Water Technology Water Pollution Control Water Management Aquatic Pollution
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Earth and Planetary Sciences Water Science and Technology

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