NDLI: The unexpected structures of “core–shell” and “alloy” LnF<sub>3</sub> nanoparticles as examined by variable energy X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy

Content Provider	Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Author	Regier, Tom Dong, Cunhai Veggel, Frank C. J. M. Pichaandi, Jothirmayanantham
Copyright Year	2011
Abstract	Lanthanide fluoride nanoparticles were synthesized in aqueous media using procedures intended for a core–shell structure of Ln(1)F3–Ln(2)F3, its reverse architecture, and an alloy structure. Their structures were examined by variable photon energy photo-electron spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation, along with X-ray powder diffractometry, transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and luminescence spectroscopy. The results show that the nanoparticles intended for a core–shell structure do not have a core–shell structure, and that nanoparticles intended for an alloy structure do not always have an alloy structure. A possible explanation for this is cation exchange, a phenomenon that occurs when LnF3 nanoparticles are exposed to another Ln3+ ion in aqueous media, resulting in Ln3+ ions in nanoparticles being quickly replaced by Ln3+ ions in solution. This cation exchange effectively competes with the precipitation of LnF3, which leads to a concentration gradient in the case of the combination of LaF3 and GdF3, and to nearly an alloy structure (isotropic mixture of all the ions) in the case of the combination of LaF3 and NdF3, regardless of the procedure used. Finally, the intended “core–shell” nanoparticles were doped with Eu3+ to show that a non-core–shell structure can also give rise to the improvement of optical properties as compared with the corresponding core nanoparticles. These results suggest that conclusions in the literature that a core–shell structure was obtained as inferred by TEM or enhanced luminescence may not be correct.
Starting Page	3376
Ending Page	3384
Page Count	9
File Format	HTM / HTML PDF
ISSN	20403364
Volume Number	3
Issue Number	8
Journal	Nanoscale
DOI	10.1039/c1nr10317b
Language	English
Publisher	Royal Society of Chemistry
Access Restriction	Open
Subject Keyword	Spectroscopy Isotropy Lanthanide Fluoride Transmission electron microscopy Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy Luminescence Ion X-ray GDF3 Synchrotron Photon
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Nanoscience and Nanotechnology

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