NDLI: Choice of tip, signal stability, and practical aspects of piezoresponse-force-microscopy.

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Invited Article: A compact optically coherent fiber frequency comb.

A peripheral component interconnect express-based scalable and highly integrated pulsed spectrometer for solution state dynamic nuclear polarization.

A spectroelectrochemical cell for ultrafast two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy.

Suppression of vapor cell temperature error for spin-exchange-relaxation-free magnetometer.

Continuous wave Cs diode pumped alkali laser pumped by single emitter narrowband laser diode.

A novel vacuum spectrometer for total reflection x-ray fluorescence analysis with two exchangeable low power x-ray sources for the analysis of low, medium, and high Z elements in sequence.

Growth of optical-quality anthracene crystals doped with dibenzoterrylene for controlled single photon production.

A versatile setup using femtosecond adaptive spectroscopic techniques for coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering.

A gas ionisation detector in the axial (Bragg) geometry used for the time-of-flight elastic recoil detection analysis.

Avalanche photodiode based time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

Optimizing the position resolution of a Z-stack microchannel plate resistive anode detector for low intensity signals.

The ASACUSA Micromegas Tracker: A cylindrical, bulk Micromegas detector for antimatter research.

Infrared imaging diagnostics for intense pulsed electron beam.

Muon detection studied by pulse-height energy analysis: Novel converter arrangements.

CR-39 track detector calibration for H, He, and C ions from 0.1-0.5 MeV up to 5 MeV for laser-induced nuclear fusion product identification.

Electron string ion sources for carbon ion cancer therapy accelerators.

The relationship between visible light emission and species fraction of the hydrogen ion beams extracted from 2.45 GHz microwave discharge.

Detection efficiency of microchannel plates for e(-) and π(-) in the momentum range from 17.5 to 345 MeV/c.

Fast and efficient charge breeding of the Californium rare isotope breeder upgrade electron beam ion source.

Measurements of electron density and temperature profiles in plasma produced by Nike KrF laser for laser plasma instability research.

Measurement of eddy-current distribution in the vacuum vessel of the Sino-UNIted Spherical Tokamak.

Radial and poloidal correlation reflectometry on Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak.

Design, development, and results from a charge-collector diagnostic for a toroidal electron plasma experiment.

Development of a high-speed impedance measurement system for dual-frequency capacitive-coupled pulsed-plasma.

A fibre based triature interferometer for measuring rapidly evolving, ablatively driven plasma densities.

Measurements of high energy photons in Z-pinch experiments on primary test stand.

A compact, coaxial shunt current diagnostic for X pinches.

Cherenkov neutron detector for fusion reaction and runaway electron diagnostics.

Imaging free-falling particles for multipoint measurement of plasma fluctuations.

Performance of JT-60SA divertor Thomson scattering diagnostics.

Two-dimensional spatiotemporal focusing of femtosecond pulses and its applications in microscopy.

Electric field stimulation setup for photoemission electron microscopes.

Synthetic aperture imaging for multilayer cylindrical object using an exterior rotating transducer.

Correction of the equilibrium temperature caused by slight evaporation of water in protein crystal growth cells during long-term space experiments at International Space Station.

An ultra-low noise optical head for liquid environment atomic force microscopy.

Contact resonance atomic force microscopy imaging in air and water using photothermal excitation.

Choice of tip, signal stability, and practical aspects of piezoresponse-force-microscopy.

A laboratory 8 keV transmission full-field x-ray microscope with a polycapillary as condenser for bright and dark field imaging.

Ultrafast spin-switching of a ferrimagnetic alloy at room temperature traced by resonant magneto-optical Kerr effect using a seeded free electron laser.

High resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy with two-dimensional energy and momentum mapping.

Fabrication of novel cryomill for synthesis of high purity metallic nanoparticles.

Spatially confined low-power optically pumped ultrafast synchrotron x-ray nanodiffraction.

Coupling an electrospray source and a solids probe/chemical ionization source to a selected ion flow tube apparatus.

Facile time-of-flight methods for characterizing pulsed superfluid helium droplet beams

Catalyst synthesis and evaluation using an integrated atomic layer deposition synthesis-catalysis testing tool.

Development of a prototype Open-close positron emission tomography system.

Investigation of mechanical properties of cryogenically treated music wire.

A phasemeter concept for space applications that integrates an autonomous signal acquisition stage based on the discrete wavelet transform.

Non-contact method for characterization of small size thermoelectric modules.

Material selection of a ferrimagnetic loaded coaxial delay line for phasing gyromagnetic nonlinear transmission lines.

Electron temperature and density probe for small aeronomy satellites.

Development of electrical-erosion instrument for direct write micro-patterning on large area conductive thin films.

A gigawatt level repetitive rate adjustable magnetic pulse compressor.

Gigawatt-class radiation generated by a Ka-band overmoded Cherenkov-type high power millimeter wave generator.

In situ observation the interface undercooling of freezing colloidal suspensions with differential visualization method.

An improved algorithm of temperature compensation for a near infrared multiple-acquisition system based on two-dimensional regression analysis.

Comparative study of 0° X-cut and Y + 36°-cut lithium niobate high-voltage sensing.

Rate dependent direct inverse hysteresis compensation of piezoelectric micro-actuator used in dual-stage hard disk drive head positioning system.

Development of a novel type of hybrid non-symmetric flexure hinges.

Fast and robust control of nanopositioning systems: Performance limits enabled by field programmable analog arrays.

Optimizing the performance of bandpass photon detectors for inverse photoemission: Transmission of alkaline earth fluoride window crystals.

Experimental rig to estimate the coefficient of friction between tire and surface in airplane touchdown simulations.

Single proton counting at the RIKEN cell irradiation facility.

Development and testing of an active high voltage saturation probe for characterization of ultra-high voltage silicon carbide semiconductor devices.

Fabrication of high-aspect-ratio platinum probes by two-step electrochemical etching.

Online monitoring of oil film using electrical capacitance tomography and level set method.

Design and application of permanent magnet flux sources for mechanical testing of magnetoactive elastomers at variable field directions.

Feasibility study on signal separation for spontaneous alpha decay in LaBr3: Ce scintillator by signal peak-to-charge discrimination.

Logarithmic derivative method and system for capacitance measurement.

A novel apparatus for in situ measurement of thermal conductivity of hydrate-bearing sediments.

Precision measurement of refractive index of air based on laser synthetic wavelength interferometry with Edlén equation estimation.

The large volume press facility at ID06 beamline of the European synchrotron radiation facility as a High Pressure-High Temperature deformation apparatus.

A lab-based ambient pressure x-ray photoelectron spectrometer with exchangeable analysis chambers.

Webcam autofocus mechanism used as a delay line for the characterization of femtosecond pulses.

Note: Effective measurement of retained I(c) in evaluating electromechanical properties of high temperature superconductor tapes by the voltage tap clipping technique.

Note: Electrochemical cell for in operando X-ray diffraction measurements on a conventional X-ray diffractometer.

Note: Compact and light displacement sensor for a precision measurement system in large motion.

Note: Improving long-term stability of hot-wire anemometer sensors by means of annealing.

Note: A simple image processing based fiducial auto-alignment method for sample registration.

Note: Double-beveled multilayer stagger-split die for a large volume high-pressure apparatus.

Note: A disposable x-ray camera based on mass produced complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor sensors and single-board computers.

Note: An improved calibration system with phase correction for electronic transformers with digital output.

Note: Fabrication of resolution target for super-resolution microscopy.

Note: A novel method for generating multichannel quasi-square-wave pulses.

Publisher's Note: 'New developments in micro-X-ray diffraction and X-ray absorption spectroscopy for high-pressure research at 16-BM-D at the Advanced Photon Source' [Rev. Sci. Instrum. 86, 072205 (2015)].

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Choice of tip, signal stability, and practical aspects of piezoresponse-force-microscopy.

Content Provider	World Health Organization (WHO)-Global Index Medicus
Author	Henrichs, L. F. Bell, A. J. Bennett, J.
Description	Country affiliation: United kingdom Author Affiliation: Henrichs LF ( Institute for Materials Research, University of Leeds, Engineering Building, LS2 9JT Leeds, United Kingdom.); Bennett J ( Institute for Materials Research, University of Leeds, Engineering Building, LS2 9JT Leeds, United Kingdom.); Bell AJ ( Institute for Materials Research, University of Leeds, Engineering Building, LS2 9JT Leeds, United Kingdom.)
Abstract	Piezoresponse force-microscopy (PFM) has become the standard tool to investigate ferroelectrics on the micro- and nanoscale. However, reliability of PFM signals is often problematic and their quantification is challenging and thus not widely applied. Here, we present a study of the reproducibility of PFM signals and of the so-called PFM background signal which has been reported in the literature. We find that PFM signals are generally reproducible to certain extents. The PFM signal difference between 180° domains on periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) is taken as the reference signal in a large number of measurements, carried out in a low frequency regime (30-70 kHz). We show that in comparison to Pt coated tips, diamond coated tips exhibit improved signal stability, lower background signal, and less imaging artifacts related to PFM which is reflected in the spread of measurements. This is attributed to the improved mechanical stability of the conductive layer. The average deviation of the mean PFM signal is 38.3%, for a diamond coated tip. Although this deviation is relatively high, it is far better than values from the literature which showed a deviation of approx. 73.1%. Additionally, we find that the average deviation of the background signal from 0 is 11.6% of the PPLN domain contrast. Thus, the background signal needs to be taken into account when quantifying PFM signals and should be subtracted from PFM signals. Those results are important for quantification of PFM signals, since PPLN might be used for this purpose when PFM signals measured on PPLN are related to its macroscopic d33 coefficient. Finally, the crucial influence of sample polishing on PFM signals is shown and we recommend to use a multistep polishing route with a final step involving 200 nm sized colloidal silica particles.
ISSN	00346748
Issue Number	8
Journal	Review of Scientific Instruments
Volume Number	86
e-ISSN	10897623
Language	English
Publisher	American Institute of Physics
Publisher Date	2015-08-01
Publisher Place	United States
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Subject Keyword	Discipline Physics Discipline Chemistry
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Medicine Instrumentation

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