NDLI: Group selection, altruism, reinforcement, and throwing in human evolution.

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Chinese hamster ovary cells selected for resistance to the cytotoxicity of phytohemagglutinin are deficient in a UDP-N-acetylglucosamine--glycoprotein N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase activity.

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Nonribosomal proteins associated with eukaryotic native small ribosomal subunits.

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Myelin structure transformed by dimethylsulfoxide.

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Normal genetically mosaic mice produced from malignant teratocarcinoma cells.

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Nucleotide sequences of the 3'-terminal untranslated region of messenger RNA for human beta globin chain.

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Mutants of T7 bacteriophage inhibited by lambda prophage.

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Group selection, altruism, reinforcement, and throwing in human evolution.

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Sequential processing of precursor tRNA molecules in Escherichia coli.

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Antigenic and enzymatic architecture of Micrococcus lysodeikticus membranes established by crossed immunoelectrophoresis.

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Reversible effects of chaotropic agents on the proton permeability of Escherichia coli membrane vesicles.

Receptor-mediated shifts in cGMP and cAMP levels in neuroblastoma cells.

Comparison between growth characteristics of an Epstein--Barr virus (EBV)-genome-negative lymphoma line and its EBV-converted subline in vitro.

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In vitro infection of lymphoid cells by thymotropic radiation leukemia virus grown in vitro.

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Molecular weights of adrenocorticotropic hormone in extracts of anterior and intermediate-posterior lobes of mouse pituitary.

Periodate and concanavalin A induce blast transformation of rat lymphocytes by an indirect mechanism.

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Specificity of substrate recognition by the EcoRI restriction endonuclease.

Redox equilibria of liganded forms of methemoglobin.

Omega-aminoalkyl agaroses in the resolution of enzymes involved in regulation of glutamine metabolism.

Glutamine synthetase forms three- and seven-stranded helical cables.

31P magnetic resonance of tRNA.

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Oncornavirus-like particles in human skin cancers.

Dynamics of a protein matrix revealed by fluorescence quenching.

Subunit structure of a naturally occurring chromatin lacking histones F1 and F3.

Parallel changes in puffing activity and patterns of protein synthesis in salivary glands of Drosophila.

Constancy of amino-terminal amino-acid sequences of antibodies of defined specificity and shared idiotype from individual inbred mice.

Competitive protein binding assay for methotrexate.

Central noradrenergic regulation of cerebral blood flow and vascular permeability.

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Group selection, altruism, reinforcement, and throwing in human evolution.

Content Provider	World Health Organization (WHO)-Global Index Medicus
Author	Darlington, P. J.
Abstract	Evolution of altruism by group selection involves sacrifice of some individuals, not to the 'group as a whole,' but to other individuals in the group. Deme-group selection may establish strictly altruistic genes in a population, but only under limited conditions, and perhaps never among vertebrates, among which apparently altruistic behaviors may always potentially benefit the altruists. Responsive-group selection is a more effective mode of evolution of altruism, conspicuous in man. Evolutionary reinforcement increases the force of selection of advantageous behaviors, including altruistic ones, by making them pleasant or rewarding. It is probably involved also in ecological habitat selection, and may be the source of many human emotions, including esthetic ones. Throwing (of stones and weapons) exemplifies both the possible importance of a difficult-to-measure evolutionary factor and the role of reinforcement; in human evolution throwing may have been decisive in food-getting and fighting, in shifting emphasis from brute force to skill, and in inducing evolution of a brain able to handle three-body geometric problems precisely and thus preadapted for more complex functions.
ISSN	00278424
e-ISSN	10916490
Journal	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Issue Number	9
Volume Number	72
Language	English
Publisher	National Academy of Sciences
Publisher Date	1975-01-01
Publisher Place	United States
Access Restriction	Open
Subject Keyword	Biological Evolution Helping Behavior Social Behavior Anthropology, Physical Anatomy & Histology Reinforcement, Social Selection, Genetic Multidisciplinary
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Multidisciplinary

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