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Development of infant leg coordination: Exploiting passive torques.

Content Provider	World Health Organization (WHO)-Global Index Medicus
Author	Sargent, Barbara Scholz, John Reimann, Hendrik Kubo, Masayoshi Fetters, Linda
Description	Author Affiliation: Sargent B ( Division of Biokinesiology & Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, 1540 E. Alcazar St., CHP 155, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA. Electronic address: bsargent@usc.edu.); Scholz J ( Department of Physical Therapy and Biomechanics and Movement Sciences Program, University of Delaware, 307 McKinly Laboratory, Newark, DE 19716, USA.); Reimann H ( Department of Kinesiology, Temple University, 1801 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, USA. Electronic address: tuf79669@temple.edu.); Kubo M ( Department of Physical Therapy, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami Kitaku, Niigata 9503198, Japan. Electronic address: kubo@nuhw.ac.jp.); Fetters L ( Division of Biokinesiology & Physical Therapy, Department of Pediatrics Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1540 E. Alcazar St., CHP 155, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA. Electronic address: fetters@usc.edu.)
Abstract	Leg joint coordination systematically changes over the first months of life, yet there is minimal data on the underlying change in muscle torques that might account for this change in coordination. The purpose of this study is to investigate the contribution of torque changes to early changes in leg joint coordination. Kicking actions were analyzed of 10 full-term infants between 6 and 15-weeks of age using three-dimensional kinematics and kinetics. We found 11 of 15 joint angle pairs demonstrated a change from more in-phase intralimb coordination at 6-weeks to less in-phase coordination at 15-weeks. Although the magnitude of joint torques normalized to the mass of the leg remained relatively consistent, we noted more complex patterns of torque component contribution across ages. By focusing on the change in torques associated with hip-knee joint coordination, we found that less in-phase hip-knee joint coordination at 15-weeks was associated with decreased influence of knee muscle torque and increased influence of knee gravitational and motion-dependent torques, supporting that infants coordinate hip muscle torque with passive knee gravitational and motion-dependent torques to generate kicks with reduced active knee muscle torque. We propose that between 6 and 15-weeks of age less in-phase hip-knee coordination emerges as infants exploit passive dynamics in the coordination of hip and knee motions.
File Format	HTM / HTML
ISSN	01636383
Volume Number	40
e-ISSN	19348800
Journal	Infant Behavior and Development
Language	English
Publisher	Elsevier
Publisher Date	2015-08-01
Publisher Place	United States
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Subject Keyword	Discipline Behavioral Sciences Discipline Pediatrics Infant Behavior Physiology Leg Torque Biomechanical Phenomena Female Gravitation Hip Joint Humans Infant Joints Kinetics Knee Joint Male Motion Muscle, Skeletal Journal Article Research Support, Non-u.s. Gov't
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Developmental and Educational Psychology

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