NDLI: A peripheral governor regulates muscle contraction

Content Provider	World Health Organization (WHO)-Global Index Medicus
Author	MacIntosh, Brian R. Shahi, M. Reza S.
Description	Country affiliation: Canada Author Affiliation: MacIntosh BR ( Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada. brian@kin.ucalgary.ca)
Abstract	Active skeletal muscles are capable of keeping the global [adenosine triphosphate (ATP)] reasonably constant during exercise, whether it is mild exercise, activating a few motor units, or all-out exercise using a substantial mass of muscle. This could only be accomplished if there were regulatory processes in place not only to replenish ATP as quickly as possible, but also to modulate the rate of ATP use when that rate threatens to exceed the rate of ATP replenishment, a situation that could lead to metabolic catastrophe. This paper proposes that there is a regulatory process or “peripheral governor” that can modulate activation of muscle to avoid metabolic catastrophe. A peripheral governor, working at the cellular level, should be able to reduce the cellular rate of ATP hydrolysis associated with muscle contraction by attenuating activation. This would necessarily cause something we call peripheral fatigue (i.e., reduced contractile response to a given stimulation). There is no doubt that peripheral fatigue occurs. It has been demonstrated in isolated muscles, in muscles in situ with no central nervous system input, and in intact human subjects performing voluntary exercise with small muscle groups or doing whole-body exercise. The regulation of muscle activation is achieved in at least 3 ways (decreasing membrane excitability, inhibiting $Ca^{2+}$ release through ryanodine receptors, and decreasing the availability of $Ca^{2+}$ in the sarcoplasmic reticulum), making this a highly redundant control system. The peripheral governor attenuates cellular activation to reduce the metabolic demand, thereby preserving ATP and the integrity of the cell.
File Format	HTM / HTML
ISSN	17155312
Issue Number	1
Volume Number	36
e-ISSN	17155320
Journal	Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism
Language	English
Publisher	Canadian Science Publishing
Publisher Date	2011-02-01
Publisher Place	Canada
Access Restriction	Subscribed
Subject Keyword	Discipline Physiology Discipline Metabolism Discipline Nutritional Sciences Discipline Sports Medicine Muscle Contraction Muscle Fatigue Muscle, Skeletal Physiology Adenosine Triphosphate Metabolism Animals Calcium Contractile Proteins Electromyography Exercise Humans Hydrolysis Recruitment, Neurophysiological Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Journal Article Review
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Nutrition and Dietetics Physiology Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Physiology (medical) Sports Science

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