| Description |
Country affiliation: India Author Affiliation: Srivastav AK ( Photobiology Laboratory, System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Post Box No. 80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India.); Mujtaba SF ( Photobiology Laboratory, System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Post Box No. 80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India.); Dwivedi A ( Photobiology Laboratory, System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Post Box No. 80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India.); Amar SK ( Photobiology Laboratory, System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Post Box No. 80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India); Goyal S ( Photobiology Laboratory, System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Post Box No. 80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India); Verma A ( Photobiology Laboratory, System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Post Box No. 80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India.); Kushwaha HN ( Photobiology Laboratory, System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Post Box No. 80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India.); Chaturvedi RK ( Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research,Post Box No. 80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India); Ray RS ( Photobiology Laboratory, System Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Post Box No. 80, M.G. Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India) |
| Abstract |
Rose Bengal (RB) is an anionic water-soluble xanthene dye, which used for many years to assess eye cornea and conjunctiva damage. RB showed strong absorption maxima (λmax) under visible light followed by UV-B and UV-A. RB under sunlight exposure showed a time-dependent photodegradation. Our results show that photosensitized RB generates (1)O2 via Type-II photodynamic pathway and induced DNA damage under sunlight/UV-R exposure. 2'dGuO degradation, micronuclei formation, and single- and double-strand breakage were the outcome of photogenotoxicity caused by RB. Quenching studies with NaN3 advocate the involvement of (1)O2 in RB photogenotoxicity. RB induced linoleic acid photoperoxidation, which was parallel to (1)O2-mediated DNA damage. Oxidative stress in A375 cell line (human melanoma cell line) was detected through DCF-DA assay. Photosensitized RB decreased maximum cellular viability under sunlight followed by UV-B and UV-A exposures. Apoptosis was detected as a pattern of cell death through the increased of caspase-3 activity, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, and PS translocation through inner to outer plasma membrane. Increased cytosolic levels of Bax also advocate the apoptotic cell death. We propose a p53-mediated apoptosis via increased expression of Bax gene and protein. Thus, the exact mechanism behind RB phototoxicity was the involvement of (1)O2, which induced oxidative stress-mediated DNA and membrane damage, finally apoptotic cell death under natural sunlight exposure. The study suggests that after the use of RB, sunlight exposure may avoid to prevent from its harmful effects. |
