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| Content Provider | World Health Organization (WHO)-Global Index Medicus |
|---|---|
| Author | Fluegge, Keith |
| Description | Author Affiliation: Fluegge K ( Institute of Health and Environmental Research, Cleveland, OH 44118, USA. Electronic address: keithfluegge@gmail.com.) |
| Abstract | BACKGROUND: Neurodevelopmental disorders are increasing in prevalence worldwide. Previous work suggests that exposure to the environmental air pollutant and greenhouse gas - nitrous oxide (N O) - may be an etiological factor in neurodevelopmental disorders through the targeting of several neural correlates. METHODOLOGY: While a number of recent systematic reviews have addressed the role of general anesthesia in the surgical setting and neurodevelopmental outcomes, a narrative mini-review was conducted to first define and characterize the relevant variables (i.e., N O, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder [ADHD] and autism spectrum disorders [ASD]) and their potential interactions into a coherent, hypothesis-generating work. The narrative mini-review merges basic principles in environmental science, anesthesiology, and psychiatry to more fully develop the novel hypotheses that neurodevelopmental impairment found in conditions like ADHD and ASD may be due to exposure to the increasing air pollutant, N O. RESULTS: The results of the present mini-review indicate that exposure to N O, even at non-toxic doses, may modulate central neurotransmission and target many neural substrates directly implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders, including the glutamatergic, opioidergic, cholinergic, and dopaminergic systems. Epidemiological studies also indicate that early and repeated exposure to general anesthesia, including N O, may contribute to later adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in children. CONCLUSIONS: The current evidence and subsequent hypotheses suggest that a renewed interest be taken in the toxicological assessment of environmental N O exposure using validated biomarkers and psychiatric endpoints. Given the relevance of N O as a greenhouse gas, societies may also wish to engage in a more robust monitoring and reporting of N O levels in the environment for climactic benefit as well. |
| File Format | HTM / HTML |
| ISSN | 13826689 |
| Journal | Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology |
| Volume Number | 47 |
| e-ISSN | 18727077 |
| Language | English |
| Publisher | Elsevier |
| Publisher Date | 2016-10-01 |
| Publisher Place | Netherlands |
| Access Restriction | One Nation One Subscription (ONOS) |
| Subject Keyword | Discipline Environmental Health Discipline Pharmacology |
| Content Type | Text |
| Resource Type | Article |
| Subject | Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis Medicine Toxicology Pharmacology |
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