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The how and why of arm swing during human walking.

Content Provider	World Health Organization (WHO)-Global Index Medicus
Author	Meyns, Pieter Bruijn, Sjoerd M. Duysens, Jacques
Description	Country affiliation: Belgium Author Affiliation: Meyns P ( Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium.)
Abstract	Humans walk bipedally, and thus, it is unclear why they swing their arms. In this paper, we will review the mechanisms and functions of arm swinging in human gait. First, we discuss the potential advantages of having swinging arms. Second, we go into the detail on the debate whether arm swing is arising actively or passively, where we will conclude that while a large part of arm swinging is mechanically passive, there is an active contribution of muscles (i.e. an activity that is not merely caused by stretch reflexes). Third, we describe the possible function of the active muscular contribution to arm swinging in normal gait, and discuss the possibility that a Central Pattern Generator (CPG) generates this activity. Fourth, we discuss examples from pathological cases, in which arm swinging is affected. Moreover, using the ideas presented, we suggest ways in which arm swing may be used as a therapeutic aid. We conclude that (1) arm swing should be seen as an integral part of human bipedal gait, arising mostly from passive movements, which are stabilized by active muscle control, which mostly originates from locomotor circuits in the central nervous system (2) arm swinging during normal bipedal gait most likely serves to reduce energy expenditure and (3) arm swinging may be of therapeutic value.
File Format	HTM / HTML
ISSN	09666362
Issue Number	4
Volume Number	38
e-ISSN	18792219
Journal	Gait & Posture
Language	English
Publisher	Elsevier
Publisher Date	2013-09-01
Publisher Place	Great Britain (UK)
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Subject Keyword	Walking Research Support, Non-u.s. Gov't Discipline Orthopedics Biomechanical Phenomena Gait Humans Reflex, Stretch Physiology Muscle, Skeletal Review Arm Journal Article
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Rehabilitation Biophysics Sports Science

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