NDLI: Pharmaceuticals in the environment--Global occurrences and perspectives.

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Aquatic environmental risk assessment for human use of the old antibiotic sulfamethoxazole in Europe.

Prioritization of pharmaceuticals for potential environmental hazard through leveraging a large-scale mammalian pharmacological dataset.

Routes of uptake of diclofenac, fluoxetine, and triclosan into sediment-dwelling worms.

Nanopharmaceuticals: Tiny challenges for the environmental risk assessment of pharmaceuticals.

Implication of microRNA deregulation in the response of vertebrates to endocrine disrupting chemicals.

The effects of antidepressants appear to be rapid and at environmentally relevant concentrations.

Effects of an antidepressant mixture on the brain serotonin and predation behavior of hybrid striped bass.

The contribution of pharmaceutically active compounds from healthcare facilities to a receiving sewage treatment plant in Canada.

Human pharmaceuticals in the marine environment: Focus on exposure and biological effects in animal species.

Occurrence of glucocorticoids discharged from a sewage treatment plant in Japan and the effects of clobetasol propionate exposure on the immune responses of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) to bacterial infection.

Bioconcentration and depuration of (14)C-labeled 17 -ethinyl estradiol and 4-nonylphenol in individual organs of the marine bivalve Mytilus edulis L. .

A risk-based approach to managing active pharmaceutical ingredients in manufacturing effluent.

A rational approach to selecting and ranking some pharmaceuticals of concern for the aquatic environment and their relative importance compared with other chemicals.

Linking drugs of abuse in wastewater to contamination of surface and drinking water.

Derivation of water quality standards for carbamazepine, metoprolol, and metformin and comparison with monitoring data.

Development and comparison of four methods for the extraction of antibiotics from a vegetative matrix.

Pharmaceutical occurrence in groundwater and surface waters in forests land-applied with municipal wastewater.

Prioritizing human pharmaceuticals for ecological risks in the freshwater environment of Korea.

Pharmaceutical concentrations in screened municipal wastewaters in Victoria, British Columbia: A comparison with prescription rates and predicted concentrations.

Changing tides: Adaptive monitoring, assessment, and management of pharmaceutical hazards in the environment through time.

Chronic toxicity of an environmentally relevant mixture of pharmaceuticals to three aquatic organisms (alga, daphnid, and fish).

Ranking prescribed pharmaceuticals in terms of environmental risk: Inclusion of hospital data and the importance of regular review.

Complex mixtures, complex responses: Assessing pharmaceutical mixtures using field and laboratory approaches.

Evaluating the extent of pharmaceuticals in surface waters of the United States using a National-scale Rivers and Streams Assessment survey.

Landfill leachate as a mirror of today's disposable society: Pharmaceuticals and other contaminants of emerging concern in final leachate from landfills in the conterminous United States.

Bioaccumulation of human pharmaceuticals in fish across habitats of a tidally influenced urban bayou.

Pharmaceuticals in the environment--Global occurrences and perspectives.

Effect of bioconcentration and trophic transfer on realized exposure to oxazepam in 2 predators, the dragonfly larvae (Aeshna grandis) and the Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis).

Pharmaceuticals in the environment: An introduction to the ET&C special issue.

Effects of trophic exposure to diclofenac and dexamethasone on hematological parameters and immune response in freshwater fish.

Predicted and observed therapeutic dose exceedances of ionizable pharmaceuticals in fish plasma from urban coastal systems.

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Pharmaceuticals in the environment--Global occurrences and perspectives.

Content Provider	World Health Organization (WHO)-Global Index Medicus
Author	Aus Der Beek, Tim Weber, Frank-Andreas Bergmann, Axel Hickmann, Silke Ebert, Ina Hein, Arne Küster, Anette
Description	Country affiliation: Germany Author Affiliation: aus der Beek T ( IWW Water Centre, Department of Water Resources Management, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.); Weber FA ( IWW Water Centre, Department of Water Resources Management, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.); Bergmann A ( IWW Water Centre, Department of Water Resources Management, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany.); Hickmann S ( Section IV 2.2 Pharmaceuticals, Washing and Cleaning Agents, Umweltbundesamt (German Federal Environment Agency), Dessau, Germany.); Ebert I ( Section IV 2.2 Pharmaceuticals, Washing and Cleaning Agents, Umweltbundesamt (German Federal Environment Agency), Dessau, Germany.); Hein A ( Section IV 2.2 Pharmaceuticals, Washing and Cleaning Agents, Umweltbundesamt (German Federal Environment Agency), Dessau, Germany.); Küster A ( Section IV 2.2 Pharmaceuticals, Washing and Cleaning Agents, Umweltbundesamt (German Federal Environment Agency), Dessau, Germany.)
Abstract	Pharmaceuticals are known to occur widely in the environment of industrialized countries. In developing countries, more monitoring results have recently become available, but a concise picture of measured environmental concentrations (MECs) is still elusive. Through a comprehensive literature review of 1016 original publications and 150 review articles, the authors collected MECs for human and veterinary pharmaceutical substances reported worldwide in surface water, groundwater, tap/drinking water, manure, soil, and other environmental matrices in a comprehensive database. Due to the heterogeneity of the data sources, a simplified data quality assessment was conducted. The database reveals that pharmaceuticals or their transformation products have been detected in the environment of 71 countries covering all continents. These countries were then grouped into the 5 regions recognized by the United Nations (UN). In total, 631 different pharmaceutical substances were found at MECs above the detection limit of the respective analytical methods employed, revealing distinct regional patterns. Sixteen substances were detected in each of the 5 UN regions. For example, the anti-inflammatory drug diclofenac has been detected in environmental matrices in 50 countries, and concentrations found in several locations exceeded predicted no-effect concentrations. Urban wastewater seems to be the dominant emission pathway for pharmaceuticals globally, although emissions from industrial production, hospitals, agriculture, and aquaculture are important locally. The authors conclude that pharmaceuticals are a global challenge calling for multistakeholder approaches to prevent, reduce, and manage their entry into and presence in the environment, such as those being discussed under the Strategic Approach to International Chemicals Management, a UN Environment Program.
File Format	HTM / HTML
ISSN	07307268
Issue Number	4
Volume Number	35
e-ISSN	15528618
Journal	Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
Language	English
Publisher	Wiley
Publisher Date	2016-04-01
Publisher Place	United States
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Subject Keyword	Water Pollutants, Chemical Research Support, Non-u.s. Gov't Environmental Monitoring Environmental Pollutants Discipline Environmental Health Humans Discipline Toxicology Waste Water Review Journal Article Chemistry Animals Hospitals Analysis Discipline Chemistry Pharmaceutical Preparations Agriculture Aquaculture
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Environmental Chemistry Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis

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