| Content Provider |
World Health Organization (WHO)-Global Index Medicus |
| Author |
Watanabe, Haruna Tamura, Ikumi Abe, Ryoko Takanobu, Hitomi Nakamura, Ataru Suzuki, Toshinari Hirose, Akihiko Nishimura, Tetsuji Tatarazako, Norihisa |
| Spatial Coverage |
Japan |
| Description |
Country affiliation: Japan Author Affiliation: Watanabe H ( Center for Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.); Tamura I ( Center for Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.); Abe R ( Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.); Takanobu H ( Center for Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.); Nakamura A ( Center for Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.); Suzuki T ( Center for Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.); Hirose A ( Environmental Science, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, Tokyo, Japan.); Nishimura T ( Division of Risk Assessment, Biological Safety Research Center, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.); Tatarazako N ( Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Teikyo Heisei University, Tokyo, Japan.) |
| Abstract |
Principles of concentration addition and independent action have been used as effective tools to predict mixture toxicity based on individual component toxicity. The authors investigated the toxicity of a pharmaceutical mixture composed of the top 10 detected active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in the Tama River (Tokyo, Japan) in a relevant concentration ratio. Both individual and mixture toxicities of the 10 APIs were evaluated by 3 short-term chronic toxicity tests using the alga Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, the daphnid Ceriodaphnia dubia, and the zebrafish Danio rerio. With the exception of clarithromycin toxicity to alga, the no-observed-effect concentration of individual APIs for each test species was dramatically higher than the highest concentration of APIs found in the environment. The mixture of 10 APIs resulted in toxicity to alga, daphnid, and fish at 6.25 times, 100 times, and 15,000 times higher concentrations, respectively, than the environmental concentrations of individual APIs. Predictions by concentration addition and independent action were nearly identical for alga, as clarithromycin was the predominant toxicant in the mixture. Both predictions described the observed mixture toxicity to alga fairly well, whereas they slightly underestimated the observed mixture toxicity in the daphnid test. In the fish embryo test, the observed toxicity fell between the predicted toxicity by concentration addition and independent action. These results suggested that the toxicity of environmentally relevant pharmaceutical mixtures could be predicted by individual toxicity using either concentration addition or independent action. |
| File Format |
HTM / HTML |
| ISSN |
07307268 |
| Issue Number |
4 |
| Volume Number |
35 |
| e-ISSN |
15528618 |
| Journal |
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry |
| Language |
English |
| Publisher |
Wiley |
| Publisher Date |
2016-04-01 |
| Publisher Place |
United States |
| Access Restriction |
One Nation One Subscription (ONOS) |
| Subject Keyword |
Water Pollutants, Chemical Research Support, Non-u.s. Gov't Risk Assessment Toxicity Discipline Environmental Health Japan Cladocera Discipline Toxicology Zebrafish Rivers Drug Effects No-observed-adverse-effect Level Journal Article Aquatic Organisms Drug-related Side Effects And Adverse Reactions Chemistry Toxicity Tests, Chronic Animals Chlorophyta Embryo, Nonmammalian Discipline Chemistry Methods |
| Content Type |
Text |
| Resource Type |
Article |
| Subject |
Environmental Chemistry Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis |
