NDLI: Longitudinal changes in youth baseball batting based on body rotation and separation

Content Provider	Springer Nature : BioMed Central
Author	Tsutsui, Toshiharu Sakata, Jun Sakamaki, Wataru Maemichi, Toshihiro Torii, Suguru
Abstract	Background Identifying the characteristics of batting mechanics, such as the proper angle and position of each body segment in youth baseball players, is important for proper instructions. This study aimed to identify the age-related changes in batting kinematics including rotational and separational movements of the head, upper trunk, pelvis, and arms, in youth baseball players. Methods Over the three seasons, we measured the batting motion of baseball players aged 6- to 12 years using three high-speed cameras. Participants were divided into six age categories according to the little league eligibility rules (players were classified according to their age as of July 31 of a given year). Toss batting was performed using an automatic tossing machine set obliquely in front of the batter. Additionally, we analyzed the rotation angles of the head, upper trunk, pelvis, and arm direction, and the separation angles—calculated using the difference of each rotational angle and the head movement distance and step width—at five points in batting phase: stance, load, foot contact, pre-swing, and ball contact. Finally, 17 players from under 8 (U8, i.e., approximately 7–8 years) to U10 and 13 from U11 to U13 were analyzed. A one-way repeated measures analysis of variance was performed to analyze age-related changes in batting kinematics. Results Several age-related changes in batting kinematics at various batting point were observed. The head-to-upper trunk separation angle increased with age from U8 to U10 during the foot contact (effect sizes [ES] = 0.658) and from U11 to U13 during the pre-swing (ES = 0.630). Additionally, the U13 showed a significantly increase in the upper and pelvis separation angles during load, foot contact, and pre–swing compared with U11 and U12 (ES = 0.131, 0.793, and 0.480). Conclusion Various changes in batting kinematics occurred among each age group. Notably, U12 and U13 had the greater upper trunk-to-pelvis separation angle at foot contact and pre-swing compared to U11. Therefore, it would be important for the instruction of younger baseball players to understand the underdevelopment of trunk separation when batting and encourage the acquisition of such separation movements.
Related Links	https://bmcsportsscimedrehabil.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s13102-023-00774-5.pdf
Ending Page	9
Page Count	9
Starting Page	1
File Format	HTM / HTML
ISSN	20521847
DOI	10.1186/s13102-023-00774-5
Journal	BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation
Issue Number	1
Volume Number	15
Language	English
Publisher	BioMed Central
Publisher Date	2023-11-28
Access Restriction	Open
Subject Keyword	BMC Sports Science Medicine and Rehabilitation Sports Medicine Orthopedics Rehabilitation Medicine Hitting Youth athlete Athletic performance Biomechanics Longitudinal study
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation Rehabilitation Orthopedics and Sports Medicine
Journal Impact Factor	2.1/2023
5-Year Journal Impact Factor	2.3/2023

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1	Ministry of Education (GoI), Department of Higher Education	Sanctioning Authority	https://www.education.gov.in/ict-initiatives
2	Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur	Host Institute of the Project: The host institute of the project is responsible for providing infrastructure support and hosting the project	https://www.iitkgp.ac.in
3	National Digital Library of India Office, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur	The administrative and infrastructural headquarters of the project	Dr. B. Sutradhar bsutra@ndl.gov.in
4	Project PI / Joint PI	Principal Investigator and Joint Principal Investigators of the project	Dr. B. Sutradhar bsutra@ndl.gov.in Prof. Saswat Chakrabarti will be added soon
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