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| Content Provider | Springer Nature : BioMed Central |
|---|---|
| Author | Ryan, Feargal J. Hope, Christopher M. Masavuli, Makutiro G. Lynn, Miriam A. Mekonnen, Zelalem A. Yeow, Arthur Eng Lip Garcia-Valtanen, Pablo Al-Delfi, Zahraa Gummow, Jason Ferguson, Catherine O’Connor, Stephanie Reddi, Benjamin A. J. Hissaria, Pravin Shaw, David Kok-Lim, Chuan Gleadle, Jonathan M. Beard, Michael R. Barry, Simon C. Grubor-Bauk, Branka Lynn, David J. |
| Abstract | Background Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly infectious respiratory virus which is responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. It is increasingly clear that recovered individuals, even those who had mild COVID-19, can suffer from persistent symptoms for many months after infection, a condition referred to as “long COVID”, post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC), post-acute COVID-19 syndrome, or post COVID-19 condition. However, despite the plethora of research on COVID-19, relatively little is known about the molecular underpinnings of these long-term effects. Methods We have undertaken an integrated analysis of immune responses in blood at a transcriptional, cellular, and serological level at 12, 16, and 24 weeks post-infection (wpi) in 69 patients recovering from mild, moderate, severe, or critical COVID-19 in comparison to healthy uninfected controls. Twenty-one of these patients were referred to a long COVID clinic and > 50% reported ongoing symptoms more than 6 months post-infection. Results Anti-Spike and anti-RBD IgG responses were largely stable up to 24 wpi and correlated with disease severity. Deep immunophenotyping revealed significant differences in multiple innate (NK cells, LD neutrophils, CXCR3+ monocytes) and adaptive immune populations (T helper, T follicular helper, and regulatory T cells) in convalescent individuals compared to healthy controls, which were most strongly evident at 12 and 16 wpi. RNA sequencing revealed significant perturbations to gene expression in COVID-19 convalescents until at least 6 months post-infection. We also uncovered significant differences in the transcriptome at 24 wpi of convalescents who were referred to a long COVID clinic compared to those who were not. Conclusions Variation in the rate of recovery from infection at a cellular and transcriptional level may explain the persistence of symptoms associated with long COVID in some individuals. |
| Related Links | https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12916-021-02228-6.pdf |
| Ending Page | 23 |
| Page Count | 23 |
| Starting Page | 1 |
| File Format | HTM / HTML |
| ISSN | 17417015 |
| DOI | 10.1186/s12916-021-02228-6 |
| Journal | BMC Medicine |
| Issue Number | 1 |
| Volume Number | 20 |
| Language | English |
| Publisher | BioMed Central |
| Publisher Date | 2022-01-14 |
| Access Restriction | Open |
| Subject Keyword | Medicine Public Health Biomedicine SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 Immunity RNA-Seq T cell Antibody responses Convalescent patients Immunophenotyping Long COVID Post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) Post COVID-19 condition Infection Medicine/Public Health |
| Content Type | Text |
| Resource Type | Article |
| Subject | Medicine |
| Journal Impact Factor | 7.1/2023 |
| 5-Year Journal Impact Factor | 8.8/2023 |
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