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| Content Provider | Springer Nature : BioMed Central |
|---|---|
| Author | Michaëlsson, Madeleine Yuan, Shuai Melhus, Håkan Baron, John A. Byberg, Liisa Larsson, Susanna C. Michaëlsson, Karl |
| Abstract | Background Previous studies have reported associations between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and lower socioeconomic status and intelligence. We aimed to evaluate the causal directions and strengths for these associations by use of a bi-directional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) design. Methods We used summary-level data from the largest available genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to identify genetic instruments for ADHD, intelligence, and markers of socioeconomic status including the Townsend deprivation index, household income, and educational attainment. Effect estimates from individual genetic variants were combined using inverse-variance weighted regression. Results A genetically predicted one standard deviation (SD) increment in the Townsend deprivation index conferred an odds ratio (OR) of 5.29 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.89–14.76) for an ADHD diagnosis (p<0.001). A genetically predicted one SD higher education level conferred an OR of 0.30 (95% CI 0.25–0.37) (p<0.001), and a genetically predicted one SD higher family income provided an OR of 0.35 (95% CI 0.25–0.49; p<0.001). The associations remained after adjustment for intelligence whereas the lower odds of an ADHD diagnosis with higher intelligence did not persist after adjustment for liability to greater educational attainment (adjusted OR 1.03, 95% CI 0.68–1.56; p=0.87). The MR analysis of the effect of ADHD on socioeconomic markers found that genetic liability to ADHD was statistically associated with each of them (p<0.001) but not intelligence. However, the average change in the socioeconomic markers per doubling of the prevalence of ADHD corresponded only to 0.05–0.06 SD changes. Conclusions Our results indicate that an ADHD diagnosis may be a direct and strong intelligence-independent consequence of socioeconomic related factors, whereas ADHD appears to lead only to modestly lowered socioeconomic status. Low intelligence seems not to be a major independent cause or consequence of ADHD. |
| Related Links | https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12916-022-02314-3.pdf |
| Ending Page | 12 |
| Page Count | 12 |
| Starting Page | 1 |
| File Format | HTM / HTML |
| ISSN | 17417015 |
| DOI | 10.1186/s12916-022-02314-3 |
| Journal | BMC Medicine |
| Issue Number | 1 |
| Volume Number | 20 |
| Language | English |
| Publisher | BioMed Central |
| Publisher Date | 2022-04-11 |
| Access Restriction | Open |
| Subject Keyword | Medicine Public Health Biomedicine Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder ADHD Socioeconomic status Education Intelligence Income Townsend deprivation index Mendelian randomization Gene GWAS Medicine/Public Health |
| Content Type | Text |
| Resource Type | Article |
| Subject | Medicine |
| Journal Impact Factor | 7.1/2023 |
| 5-Year Journal Impact Factor | 8.8/2023 |
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