NDLI: Presence of pathogenic bacteria in ice cubes and evaluation of their survival in different systems

Content Provider	Springer Nature Link
Author	Settanni, Luca Gaglio, Raimondo Stucchi, Carlo Martino, Simone Francesca, Nicola Moschetti, Giancarlo
Copyright Year	2017
Abstract	In this study, 60 samples of ice cubes produced at different levels (domestic, restaurant and industrial facilities), within a restricted geographical area, were investigated for their general microbiological characteristics through the analysis of populations other than enteric bacteria. Total mesophilic bacteria were in the range 1.01 × 10$^{2}$–9.55 × 10$^{3}$, 3.12 × 10$^{2}$–6.31 × 10$^{3}$ and 1.30 × 10$^{2}$–3.99 × 10$^{3}$ CFU/100 mL of thawed ice from domestic freezer (DF), stock boxes (SB) for self-production performed with ice machines in bars and pubs, and from sales packages (SP) of industrial productions, respectively. Some DF and SP samples were negative for the presence of total psychrotrophic bacteria, showing that there are no specific microbial groups associated with ice. Pseudomonads were found in the majority of ice samples analyzed. The levels of contamination of the ice samples were significantly different among the three ice cube production levels. The samples produced at domestic level and those collected from bars and pubs were characterised by the highest cell densities. The colonies representative for the different bacterial morphologies were randomly picked up from plates, purified to homogeneity and subjected to the phenotypic and genotypic characterisation. Fifty-two strains representing 31 species of eight bacterial genera were identified, with the most numerous groups included in Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus, Bacillus and Acinetobacter. A consistent percentage of the microorganisms identified from ice are known agents of human infections, and their presence indicate an environmental contamination. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the ice cubes to transfer pathogenic agents to consumers, a bar consumption was simulated with different drink systems added with ice cubes artificially contaminated with the strains found at dominant levels (Acinetobacter lwoffii ICE100, Bacillus cereus ICE170, Pseudomonas putida ICE224 and Staphylococcus haemolyticus ICE182), and the results showed a consistent reduction of bacterial risk due to alcohol, CO$_{2}$, pH and antibacterial ingredients of vodka, whisky, Martini, peach tea, tonic water and coke.
Starting Page	827
Ending Page	835
Page Count	9
File Format	PDF
ISSN	15904261
Journal	Annals of Microbiology
Volume Number	67
Issue Number	12
e-ISSN	18692044
Language	English
Publisher	Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Publisher Date	2017-11-18
Publisher Place	Berlin, Heidelberg
Access Restriction	Subscribed
Subject Keyword	Cross-contamination Genetic identification Human infections Hygiene Ice cubes Microbial survival Microbiology Microbial Genetics and Genomics Microbial Ecology Mycology Medical Microbiology Applied Microbiology
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology

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