NDLI: Seasonal disparity in the co-occurrence of arsenic and fluoride in the aquifers of the Brahmaputra flood plains, Northeast India

Content Provider	Springer Nature Link
Author	Das, Nilotpal Sarma, Kali P. Patel, Arbind K. Deka, Jyoti P. Das, Aparna Kumar, Abhay Shea, Patrick J. Kumar, Manish
Copyright Year	2017
Abstract	Arsenic (As) and fluoride (F$^{−}$) in groundwater are increasing global water quality and public health concerns. The present study provides a deeper understanding of the impact of seasonal change on the co-occurrence of As and F$^{−}$, as both contaminants vary with climatic patterns. Groundwater samples were collected in pre- and post-monsoon seasons (n = 40 in each season) from the Brahmaputra flood plains (BFP) in northeast India to study the effect of season on As and F$^{−}$ levels. Weathering is a key hydrogeochemical process in the BFP and both silicate and carbonate weathering are enhanced in the post-monsoon season. The increase in carbonate weathering is linked to an elevation in pH during the post-monsoon season. A Piper diagram revealed that bicarbonate-type water, with Na$^{+}$, K$^{+}$, Ca$^{2+}$, and Mg$^{2+}$ cations, is common in both seasons. Correlation between Cl$^{−}$ and NO$_{3}$ $^{−}$ (r = 0.74, p = 0.01) in the post-monsoon indicates mobilization of anthropogenic deposits during the rainy season. As was within the 10 µg L$^{−1}$ WHO limit for drinking water and F$^{−}$ was under the 1.5 mg L$^{−1}$ limit. A negative correlation between oxidation reduction potential and groundwater As in both seasons (r = −0.26 and −0.49, respectively, for pre-monsoon and post-monsoon, p = 0.05) indicates enhanced As levels due to prevailing reducing conditions. Reductive hydrolysis of Fe (hydr)oxides appears to be the predominant process of As release, consistent with a positive correlation between As and Fe in both seasons (r = 0.75 and 0.73 for pre- and post-monsoon seasons, respectively, at p = 0.01). Principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis revealed grouping of Fe and As in both seasons. F$^{−}$ and sulfate were also clustered during the pre-monsoon season, which could be due to their similar interactions with Fe (hydr)oxides. Higher As levels in the post-monsoon appears driven by the influx of water into the aquifer, which drives out oxygen and creates a more reducing condition suitable for reductive dissolution of Fe (hydr)oxides. An increase in pH promotes desorption of As oxyanions AsO$_{4}$ $^{3−}$ (arsenate) and AsO$_{3}$ $^{3−}$ (arsenite) from Fe (hydr)oxide surfaces. Fluoride appears mainly released from F$^{−}$-bearing minerals, but Fe (hydr)oxides can be a secondary source of F$^{−}$, as suggested by the positive correlation between As and F$^{−}$ in the pre-monsoon season.
Starting Page	1
Ending Page	15
Page Count	15
File Format	PDF
ISSN	18666280
Journal	Environmental Earth Sciences
Volume Number	76
Issue Number	4
e-ISSN	18666299
Language	English
Publisher	Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Publisher Date	2017-02-22
Publisher Place	Berlin, Heidelberg
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Subject Keyword	Arsenic Fluoride Groundwater Quality Hydrogeochemical process Weathering Brahmaputra River India Geology Hydrology/Water Resources Geochemistry Environmental Science and Engineering Terrestrial Pollution Biogeosciences
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Global and Planetary Change Earth-Surface Processes Soil Science Environmental Chemistry Pollution Geology Water Science and Technology

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