NDLI: Hydraulic fracturing fluids and their environmental impact: then, today, and tomorrow

Content Provider	Springer Nature Link
Author	Kreipl, M. P. Kreipl, A. T.
Copyright Year	2017
Abstract	Beginning in the 1860s, fracturing was used to stimulate or rather shoot rock formations for oil production. To increase both initial flow and ultimate extraction, liquid and solidified nitroglycerin was used in these years. The concept of (hydraulic) fracturing with pressure instead of explosives grew in the 1930s. Beginning in 1953, water-based fluids were developed using different types of gelling agents. Nowadays, aqueous fluids such as acid, water, brines, and water-based foams are used in most fracturing treatments. The breakdown of the fluids to decrease viscosity is mostly carried out by use of oxidizing agents. Thereby, the technology is facing concerns regarding microseismicity, air emissions, water consumption, and the endangerment of groundwater due to the risk of perforating protective layers and the ooze of chemicals through the surface. Furthermore, particularly both cross-linking and breaking agents pose serious risks for humans respectively are environmentally hazardous in terms of eco-toxicity—while the degradation effect of common oxidizing agents is relatively low in cases of high-temperature fracturing treatments. According to our comparative viscosity tests, the viscosity of both common hydrogels with and without oxidizing agents can be reduced to the same level when heated to 130 °C or above. Furthermore, in both cases no non-Newtonian behavior could be observed after the temperature treatment (anymore). Therefore, we developed a hydrogel that allows for optimized cross-linking without toxic linkers and that can be dissolved without environmentally hazardous chemicals. Furthermore, it avoids the clogging of pores by hydrogel residues and improves oil and gas exploitation.
Starting Page	1
Ending Page	16
Page Count	16
File Format	PDF
ISSN	18666280
Journal	Environmental Earth Sciences
Volume Number	76
Issue Number	4
e-ISSN	18666299
Language	English
Publisher	Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Publisher Date	2017-02-16
Publisher Place	Berlin, Heidelberg
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Subject Keyword	Hydraulic fracturing Hydrogels Cross-linking agents Oxidizing agents Eco-toxicity Geology Hydrology/Water Resources Geochemistry Environmental Science and Engineering Terrestrial Pollution Biogeosciences
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Global and Planetary Change Earth-Surface Processes Soil Science Environmental Chemistry Pollution Geology Water Science and Technology

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