NDLI: The distribution gap is closed — First record of naturally settled pacific oystersCrassostrea gigas in the East Frisian Wadden Sea, North Sea

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Marine Biodiversity : Volume 30, Issue 1-2, October 1999

Marine Biodiversity : Volume 29

Marine Biodiversity : Volume 28

The distribution gap is closed — First record of naturally settled pacific oystersCrassostrea gigas in the East Frisian Wadden Sea, North Sea

Content Provider	Springer Nature Link
Author	Wehrmann, Achim Herlyn, Marc Bungenstock, Friederike Hertweck, Günther Millat, Gerald
Copyright Year	2000
Abstract	Since the 1960s Pacific oysters(Crassostrea gigas) were imported to the North Sea coasts for aquaculture. The species was introduced to replenish the stock of the indigenous European oysterOstrea edulis which was strongly diminished in the past by overexploitation, diseases and severe winters. The introduction of this non-native species was regarded as uncritical due to the low water temperatures of the North Sea which would not have promoted natural reproduction and settlement. Nevertheless, strong spatfall of culturedC. gigas was recorded in several years in the Oosterschelde estuary (The Netherlands). From these spatfalls wild populations developed in the vicinity of the culture plots. Since the early 1980s Pacific oysters were also observed in the Wadden Sea area near Texel. The pelagic oyster larvae can bridge the distance between the Oosterschelde estuary and Texel by drifting with the residual currents which, at westerly winds, may transport them about 4 to 5 NM per day. Extreme spatfalls from culture plots were also recorded in the backbarrier tidal flats of the North Frisian Islands Sylt and Rømø in 1991, 1994 and 1998. Settlement occurred predominantly on intertidalMytilus beds. The extended wild populations resisted two severe winters which were characterized by a drift-ice coverage lasting several weeks.In the backbarrier tidal flats of the East Frisian Islands the first specimens ofC. gigas were found in August 1998 onMytilus beds. In contrast to the wild oyster populations from the Oosterschelde and Sylt, the settlement ofC. gigas in the study area occurred far away from culture plots. In the following years, further records indicate a continued introduction of oyster larvae. This implies that the distribution gap ofC. gigas along the Wadden Sea coast is now closed.Seit Mitte der 60er Jahre wurden im Bereich der Nordseeküste Pazifische Austern(Crassostrea gigas) zu Zuchtzwecken eingeführt. Diese Art sollte die durch Überfischung, Krankheiten und Eiswinter in ihren Beständen stark dezimierte europäische AusterOstrea edulis in den zahlreichen Aquakulturen ersetzen. Die Einführung der fremden Art in die Wattengebiete, meist in Form von Saatmuscheln aus Aufzuchtbetrieben, schien unbedenklich, da aufgrund der durchschnittlich niedrigen Wassertemperaturen eine Reproduktion und erfolgreiche Ansiedlung im Freiland nicht zu erwarten gewesen wäre. Trotzdem kam es insbesondere an der südniederländischen Küste im Oosterschelde-Ästuar zu zahlreichen Larvenfällen (7 im Zeitraum 1975–1992) vonC. gigas aus Aquakulturen. Aus diesen Larvenfällen entwickelten sich in unmittelbarer Umgebung der Aquakulturen grössere Wild-Populationen. Seit Beginn der 80er Jahre wurden Pazifische Austern auch im niederländischen Wattenmeer nahe der Insel Texel gefunden. Eine Überbrückung der Distanz Oosterschelde-Texel während der pelagischen Phase der Austernlarven ist möglich: die Verdriftung mit der küstenparallelen Restströmung beträgt bei westlichen Winden ca. 4–5 NM pro Tag. Intensive Larvenfälle vonC. gigas aus Austernkulturen wurden auch im Rückseitenwatt der nordfriesischen Inseln Sylt und Romo in den Jahren 1991, 1994 und 1998 beobachtet. Die Ansiedlung erfolgte in der Regel auf intertidalen Miesmuschelbänken. Die grossen Wild-Populationen blieben auch in strengen Eiswintern bestehen.In den Rückseitenwatten der Ostfriesischen Inseln wurden lebendeC. gigas erstmalig im August 1998, ebenfalls auf einer intertidalen Miesmuschelbank, gefunden. Im Gegensatz zu den niederländischen und Sylter Wildvorkommen erfolgte hier eine Ansiedlung trotz fehlender Austernkulturen in der näheren Umgebung. Weitere Funde in den darauffolgenden Jahren weisen daraufhin, dass die Einwanderung durch Larvendrift von den niederländischen Populationen zu erfolgen scheint. Damit hat sich die bislang bestehende Verbreitungslücke vonC. gigas entlang der Wattenmeerküste der Nordsee geschlossen. Es ist anzunehmen, dass die pazifische Auster zu dauerhaften Veränderungen in den Strukturen der Muschelbänke fuhren wird.
Starting Page	153
Ending Page	160
Page Count	8
File Format	PDF
ISSN	0080889X
Journal	Marine Biodiversity
Volume Number	30
Issue Number	3-6
Language	German
Publisher	Springer-Verlag
Publisher Date	2000-01-01
Publisher Place	Berlin, Heidelberg
Access Restriction	Subscribed
Subject Keyword	neozoa Pacific oyster invasive species mussel beds larval drift tidal flats Biodiversity Freshwater & Marine Ecology Plant Systematics/Taxonomy/Biogeography Animal Systematics/Taxonomy/Biogeography
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Aquatic Science Oceanography

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The distribution gap is closed — First record of naturally settled pacific oystersCrassostrea gigas in the East Frisian Wadden Sea, North Sea

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The distribution gap is closed — First record of naturally settled pacific oystersCrassostrea gigas in the East Frisian Wadden Sea, North Sea