NDLI: Temporally and Spatially Resolved x-ray Fluorescence Measurements of in-situ Drug Concentration in Metered-Dose Inhaler Sprays

Content Provider	Springer Nature Link
Author	Duke, Daniel J. Kastengren, Alan L. Mason Smith, Nicholas Chen, Yang Young, Paul M. Traini, Daniela Lewis, David Edgington Mitchell, Daniel Honnery, Damon
Copyright Year	2015
Abstract	Drug concentration measurements in MDI sprays are typically performed using particle filtration or laser scattering. These techniques are ineffective in proximity to the nozzle, making it difficult to determine how factors such as nozzle design will affect the precipitation of co-solvent droplets in solution-based MDIs, and the final particle distribution.In optical measurements, scattering from the constituents is difficult to separate. We present a novel technique to directly measure drug distribution. A focused x-ray beam was used to stimulate x-ray fluorescence from the bromine in a solution containing 85% HFA, 15% ethanol co-solvent, and 1 $$ \mu \mathrm{g} $$ / $$ \mu -.5pt \mathrm{L} $$ IPBr.Instantaneous concentration measurements were obtained with 1 ms temporal resolution and 5 $$ \mu \mathrm{m} $$ spatial resolution, providing information in a region that is inaccessible to many other diagnostics. The drug remains homogeneously mixed over time, but was found to be higher at the centerline than at the periphery. This may have implications for oropharyngeal deposition in vivo.Measurements in the dynamic, turbulent region of MDIs allow us to understand the physical links between formulation, inspiration, and geometry on final particle size and distribution. This will ultimately lead to a better understanding of how MDI design can be improved to enhance respirable fraction.
Starting Page	816
Ending Page	825
Page Count	10
File Format	PDF
ISSN	07248741
Journal	Pharmaceutical Research
Volume Number	33
Issue Number	4
e-ISSN	1573904X
Language	English
Publisher	Springer US
Publisher Date	2015-11-12
Publisher Place	New York
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Subject Keyword	Pharmacology/Toxicology Pharmacy Biochemistry Medical Law Biomedical Engineering
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Organic Chemistry Pharmacology Molecular Medicine Pharmacology (medical) Biotechnology Pharmaceutical Science

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