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| Content Provider | Springer Nature Link |
|---|---|
| Author | Gerber, Richard E. Boyce, Joseph I. Howard, Ken W. |
| Copyright Year | 2001 |
| Abstract | Recent work in southern Ontario, Canada, demonstrates anomalously high vertical groundwater flow velocities (>1 m/year) through a thick (as much as 60 m), sandy silt till aquitard (Northern till), previously assumed to be of very low permeability (hydraulic conductivity <10$^{–10}$ m/s). Rapid recharge is attributed to the presence of fractures and sedimentary heterogeneities within the till, but the field-scale flow regime is poorly understood. This study identifies the nature of physical groundwater pathways through the till and provides estimates of the associated groundwater fluxes. The aquitard groundwater flow system is characterized by integrating details of the outcrop and subsurface sedimentary characteristics of the till with field-based hydrogeologic investigation and numerical modeling. Outcrop and subsurface data identify a composite internal aquitard stratigraphy consisting of tabular till beds (till elements) separated by laterally continuous sheet-like sands and gravels (interbeds) and boulder pavements. Individual till elements contain sedimentary heterogeneities, including discontinuous sand and gravel lenses, vertical sand dikes, and zones of horizontal and vertical fractures.Hydrogeologic field investigations indicate a three-layer aquitard flow system, consisting of upper and lower zones of more hydraulically active and heterogeneous till separated by a middle unit of relatively lower hydraulic conductivity. Groundwater pathways and fluxes in the till were evaluated using a two-dimensional aquitard/aquifer flow model which indicates a step-wise flow mechanism whereby groundwater moves alternately downward along vertical pathways (fractures, sedimentary dikes) and laterally along horizontal sand interbeds within the till. This model is consistent with observed hydraulic-head and isotope profiles, and the presence of tritiated pore waters at various depths throughout the till. Simulations suggest that a bulk aquitard vertical hydraulic conductivity on the order of 1×10$^{–9}$ m/s is required to reproduce observed hydraulic-head and tritium profiles. Une étude récente dans le sud de l'Ontario (Canada) démontre l'existence de vitesses d'écoulement vertical souterrain anormalement élevées (>1 m/an) au travers d'un imperméable (la moraine du nord) constitué par une moraine sablo-silteuse épaisse (jusqu'à 60 m), supposée à l'origine présenter une très faible perméabilité (conductivité hydraulique inférieure à 10$^{–10}$ m/s). La recharge rapide est attribuée à la présence de fractures et d'hétérogénéités sédimentaires à l'intérieur de la moraine; mais le régime d'écoulement à l'échelle du terrain est mal connu. Cette étude identifie la nature des cheminements physiques des eaux souterraines au travers de la moraine et fournit les estimations des flux souterrains associés. Le système d'écoulement au travers de l'imperméable est défini par des détails d'intégration des affleurements et par les caractères sédimentaires souterrains de la moraine obtenus à partir de travaux hydrogéologiques de terrain et d'une modélisation numérique. Les données concernant les affleurements et le souterrain permettent d'identifier une stratigraphie de l'imperméable interne composite consistant en des lits de moraine (éléments de moraine) séparés par des lits de sables et de graviers en continuité latérale (interlits) et des pavages de blocs. Les éléments individuels de moraine contiennent des hétérogénéités sédimentaires, y compris des lentilles discontinues de sables et de graviers, des structures verticales de sables et des zones de fractures horizontales et verticales.Les travaux hydrogéologiques de terrain indiquent qu'il s'agit d'un système d'écoulement à trois couches imperméables, composé de zones supérieure et inférieure de moraine hydrauliquement plus active et hétérogène séparée par une unité médiane à conductivité hydraulique relativement plus faible. Les lignes d'écoulement et les flux dans la moraine ont été évalués au moyen d'un modèle d'écoulement imperméable-aquifère à deux dimensions, qui indique un mécanisme d'écoulement en escalier par lequel l'eau souterraine s'écoule alternativement vers le bas le long de cheminements verticaux (fractures, structures sédimentaires verticales) et horizontalement le long des interlits horizontaux de sable dans la moraine. Ce modèle est conforme aux charges hydrauliques et aux profils isotopiques observés, ainsi qu'à la présence d'eau porale tritiée à des profondeurs variées dans la moraine. Les simulations suggèrent qu'il est nécessaire que la conductivité hydraulique verticale de l'imperméable dans son ensemble soit de l'ordre de 1×10$^{–9}$ m/s pour pouvoir reproduire les profils observés de charge hydraulique et de tritium. Los últimos trabajos llevados a cabo en el sur de Ontario (Canadá) demuestran la existencia de velocidades verticales anormalmente elevadas del flujo de aguas subterráneas (>1 m/a), a través de un acuitardo de till arenoso (el till del Norte) que desarrolla un gran espesor (hasta 60 m). Hasta ahora, se suponía que el acuitardo tenía una permeabilidad muy baja, con valores de la conductividad hidráulica inferiores a 10$^{–10}$ m/s. Se atribuye esta rápida recarga a la presencia de fracturas y heterogeneidades de sedimentación dentro del till, pero el régimen de flujo a escala de campo no es apenas conocido. Este estudio identifica la naturaleza de las vías físicas de las aguas subterráenas a través del till, y proporciona estimaciones de los flujos asociados. El sistema de flujo en el acuitardo se caracteriza porque integra detalles del afloramiento y de las características sedimentológicas del till con datos procedentes de investigaciones hidrogeológicas de campo y de modelación numérica.Los datos de los afloramientos y del subsuelo identifican una estratigrafía interna del acuitardo, que se compone de lechos tabulares (elementos del till) separados por intercalaciones lateralmente continuas de arenas y gravas y de cantos rodados. Los elementos individuales del till contienen heterogeneidades sedimentarias, incluyendo lentejones de arena y grava, diques verticales de arena y zonas de fracturars horizontales y verticales.Las investigaciones hidrogeológicas de campo determinan un sistema acuitardo compuesto por tres capas: las zonas superior e inferior contienen till más heterogéneo y conductivo que la unidad intermedia. Las vías y flujo de aguas subterráneas en el till se han evalúado mediante un modelo bidimensional acuitardo/acuífero, que sugiere un mecanismo de flujo tipo escalón, según el cual las aguas subterráneas se mueven alternativamente hacia abajo (a través de vías verticales, como fracturas y diques de sedimentación) y lateralmente (a lo largo de niveles de arenas dentro del till). Este modelo es coherente con los niveles piezométricos y perfiles isotópicos observados, así como con la presencia de agua intersticial con tritio a diversas profundidades en el till. Las simulaciones numéricas sugieren que se necesita una conductividad vertical promedio del acuitardo de unos 10$^{–9}$ m/s para reproducir la piezometría y los perfiles de tritio. |
| Starting Page | 60 |
| Ending Page | 78 |
| Page Count | 19 |
| File Format | |
| ISSN | 14312174 |
| Journal | Hydrogeology Journal |
| Volume Number | 9 |
| Issue Number | 1 |
| e-ISSN | 14350157 |
| Language | English |
| Publisher | Springer-Verlag |
| Publisher Date | 2001-01-13 |
| Publisher Institution | International Association of Hydrogeologists |
| Publisher Place | Berlin, Heidelberg |
| Access Restriction | One Nation One Subscription (ONOS) |
| Content Type | Text |
| Resource Type | Article |
| Subject | Earth and Planetary Sciences Water Science and Technology |
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